chapter 7 online assessment

1.50

a typical value for the index

Select all the places where light of the same wavelength from two sources would interfere constructively

At a location where the troughs of both waves arrive at the same time At a location where the peaks of the two waves arrive simultaneously

normal line

C

Which two of these scientists had competing ideas about the nature of light in the 1600s?

Huygens Newton

If a light ray enters a material and is trapped inside of it, total... reflection has occurred

internal

refraction

the bending of light as it passes into a material

True or false: All objects with heat produce blackbody radiation

true

fact 2

1. diamond 2. glass 3. ethyl alcohol 4. air at room temperature

Rank the different types of electromagnetic radiation by their frequency, with the lowest frequency on the top

1. radio waves 2. infrared light 3. visible light 4. ultraviolet light 5. X rays 6. gamma rays

Light rays hit a window. Arrange the rays by the amount of light that would be transmitted through the window, with the most transmission at the top

1. the angle of the ray is 88 2. 60 3. 1

not shown

a diamond

light ray model

a model using lines to show the direction of motion of light to describe the travels of light

interference

a phenomenon of light whereby the relative phase difference between two light waves produces light or dark spots, a result of light's wavelike nature

Fiber optics cables have higher bandwidth than, for example, a radio transmission, because ______

a single cable can carry many different frequencies of light at the same time

object two

a white rug

electromagnetic waves equation

c= V (upside down)f

convex

can form a virtual image with a wide field of view

concave

can form an enlarged virtual image

blackbody radiation

electromagnetic radiation emitted by an ideal material (the blackbody) that perfectly absorbs and perfectly emits radiation

consistent law principle

one of two basic principles of the special theory of relativity; the laws of physics are the same in all reference frames that are moving at a constant velocity with respect to one another

constancy of speed

one of two basic principles of the special theory of relativity; the speed of light in empty space has the same value for all observers regardless of their velocity

Newton favored a... theory of light because he believed that its straight-line behavior from a source was better explained that way.

particle

The result of shining a light on a particular material is that the material absorbs the light and emits electrons. This is known as the...effect.

photoelectric

What scientist discovered that light existed in packets of energy he called quanta?

planck

Normally, a light wave oscillates in various directions perpendicular to its direction of motion. However, certain filters only transmit light oscillating in one particular direction. Such light is ______.

polarized

Double rainbows are the result of light.... twice within each raindrop

reflecting

The mirage depicted in this image is the result of... (Use just one word for your answer.)

reflection

infrared light

second lowest frequency; remote controls, night-vision equipmerit

If a photon of green light has a frequency of 6.0 × 1014 Hz and a photon of red light has a frequency of 4.0 × 1014 Hz, then the energy of the red photon must be ______

two-thirds as much as the energy of the green photon

Sunlight falls on a glass prism and is dispersed into a spectrum. Rank the colors according to how much they are refracted, with the most refracted at the top and the least at the bottom

violet, blue, green, red

Refraction of a light ray occurs

when a light ray changes direction passing through the boundary between two materials

Select all the colors of visible light that may be present in white light.

yellow, green, blue, orange, red

incident light ray

A

angle of incidence

B

Select the ways that light can become partially or completely polarized.

Reflecting off a surface Selective absorption Scattering

is the term for the information-carrying capacity of a transmission medium, such as a fiber optics cable

bandwidth

Light travels more slowly in water than air. When it emerges from the water, the light ray will ______

bend away from the normal

The graph shows...radiation, produced by incandescent light sources

blackbody

B

concave

In the production of light by an incandescent source, internal heat moves particles that make up the glowing object. The moving nuclei and electrons

disturb the electric and magnetic fields in the material, creating electromagnetic radiation

The figure shows the

electromagnetic spectrum

Light in a laser has the same phase, direction, and

frequency

The....System has 24 satellites equipped with atomic clocks and that broadcast their time and position with radio signals

global, positioning

An animal or plant that is bioluminous can produce visible

light

Double rainbows are the result of light twice within each raindrop

reflecting

X rays

second highest frequency; dental and medical imaging

electromagnetic spectrum

the complete range of frequencies

Einstein's special theory of relativity is based on two principles. One is that the speed of light (in empty space) has the same value for all observers. The other is that ______

the laws of physics are the same in frames that are moving at constant velocity to each other

The higher the index of refraction of a material, ______ when entering the material (at any angle except perpendicular)

the more light will bend

The diagram shows light falling on a charged plate, causing a current. This demonstrates ______.

the photoelectric effect

c

the speed of light in vacuum about 3.00

An orange light has a wavelength of 6.0 × 10-7 m, and an ultraviolet light has a wavelength of 2.0 × 10-7 m. The frequency of the ultraviolet light must be ______. (They are traveling in the same medium.)

three times as much as the frequency of the orange light

Curved mirrors such as the small convex one shown in the side mirror of this automobile produce a ______ image

virtual

fact

water 1.33 0 water 1.33 30 diamond 2.42 30 diamond 2.32 60

When Foucault demonstrated that light travels more slowly in transparent materials than in air, his work supported the ______ theory of light and opposed the ______ model

wave; particle

bioluminous

when plants or animals produce light they are

Select all that are key features of the light ray model

-Light changes direction as it enters and exits materials with different properties. -Light travels in straight lines. -Light can be absorbed

The speed of light in a vacuum is 3.00 x 108 m/s. What is the speed of light in ethyl alcohol that has an index of refraction of 1.36?

2.21 x 108 m/s

Driving on the highway at night, you turn on your car's headlights. If you could measure it, the light emitted by the headlights would travel away from the car at (approximately) 3.00 × 108 m/s. If a person standing ahead of your car on the highway measured the speed, it would be ______

3.00 × 108 m/s

The relative motion of a bicyclist pedaling 5 km/hour to the north to a person in a car traveling 35 km/hour to the north is km/hour to the

30 south

Object, Virtual image, reflected ray, incident ray

A, D, C, B

Select the statements below that are associated with Einstein's special theory of relativity

All observers measure the same speed for light traveling in a vacuum. Observers perceive moving objects to be shorter in length in the direction of motion than when at rest.

Select all the choices that describe components of the Global Positioning System

Atomic clocks 24 satellites Time-encoded radio signals

Select the two principles from which Einstein developed his special theory of relativity.

Physical laws are the same in reference frames moving at constant velocity to each other. The speed of light is measured to be the same for all observers.

Select all that are effects of the special theory of relativity for objects moving quickly (i.e., moving at a fraction of the speed of light)

Time passes more slowly for a moving object. An object has more mass when moving quickly than if it is at rest.

A

convex

In Einstein's theory of relativity, gravity is understood to be the result of mass warping the structure of four-dimensional spacetime

general

In Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity is described by considering how ______ affect(s) ______masses

masses the structure of spacetime

One reason that it is difficult to understand the dual wave-particle nature of light is that ______

our experience with the everyday world is limited to phenomena that behave strictly as one or the other

Newton used two...in an experiment to determine the composition of white light

prisms

object one

silver mirror

polarized

light whose constituent transverse are all vibrating in the same plane; also known as plane-polarized light

The temperature needed for an object to glow red is ______ the temperature needed for an object to glow white

lower than

microwaves

lowest frequency; cellular phones, broadcast television, cooking

Light rays from a lamp make an angle of incidence of 30° with a flat mirror. To see the lamp in the mirror, you will need to observe at an angle of... ° from the normal

30

Orange light has a wavelength, λ, of 6.0 × 10-7 m. In a vacuum, the speed of light, c, is 3.0 × 108 m/s. What is the frequency, f, of the orange light? (Remember: 1 Hz = 1/s.)

5 × 1014 Hz

value of Plank's constant

6.626 x 10^-34 Jxs

Choose all of the correct descriptors for the lenses shown below

B is concave lens A is a convex lens telescopes use lens type A

large fibers

ChoiceThe light travels in straight lines and is repeatedly reflected off of the inside edges of the glass fiber.The light travels in straight lines and is repeatedly reflected off of the inside edges of the glass fiber.

angle of reflection

D

reflected light ray

E

plank's constant equation

E=hf

general theory of relativity

Einstein's geometric theory of gravity; gravity is an interaction between a mass and the space time geometry of space

Select all of the choices that support the particle model of light.

Light travels in straight lines. Light can produce a current through the photoelectric effect. The energy of light depends on its frequency, not its intensity.

small fibers

The light travels down the center of the fiber, with the wave guided by the fiber to follow the path of the glass.

Low- and high-intensity lights of the same wavelength are shone on the plate in the diagram. What results do you expect?

The low-intensity light produces a lower current (fewer electrons) but the same voltage (same energy).

Select all of the processes that are important in forming a rainbow

Total internal reflection Dispersion Refraction

The graph shows the blackbody emission from three flames that are the same size. Rank the flames by temperature, from hottest (top) to coolest (bottom). Note: Radiation intensity is on the y-axis.

Z Y X

The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 3.00 × 108 m/s. Light traveling through a material (such as air, or glass, or water) ______

always travels at a reduced velocity

virtual image

an image where light rays appear to originate from a mirror or lens; this image cannot be projected on a screen

luminous

an object or objects that produce visible light- for ex, sun, stars, lightbulbs and burning, materials

A rainbow is an... of color, not a straight line, because the light refracted from each raindrop to your eye maintains a constant angle

arc

At what time of day would you expect the most glare off a lake next to the highway

around sunrise

Plants and animals that emit visible light are said to be

bioluminous

When colors are dispersed by ice crystals in the atmosphere, they are arranged ______.

by their index of refraction according to wavelength

What kind of lens is used in cameras, projectors, and telescopes

convex

This image shows the path of light in the eye of a person who is farsighted. The light can be made to focus on the retina by using a ______ to ______ the light rays before they enter the eye.

convex lens; diverge

A mirror exhibits perfect reflection, as shown for object A. The reflection from object B is an example of reflection

diffuse

Considering the formula for the energy of photons, an ultraviolet photon with a wavelength of 250 nm would have an energy ______ that of an infrared photon with wavelength 1,000 nm

four times higher than

The speed of light (or indeed any wave) is equal to the product of the wave's ______ and ______. (Select all the terms you would multiply together.)

frequency wavelength

gamma rays

highest frequency; medical treatments

absorption

it determines what color an object appears

angle of the ray

it determines what fraction of light is transmitted through a clear object

smoothness

it determines what kind of reflection occurs

diffuse reflection

it explains why shadows are not absolutely black

refraction

light moving from one transparent material to another undergoes a change of direction

photoelectric effect

the movement of electrons in some materials as a result of energy acquired from absorbed light

The speed of light is equal to ______. (In fact, the speed of any wave is equal to this combination.)

the product of wavelength times frequency (λ × f)

index of refraction

the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a material

Select all the choices that are incandescent light sources

the sun a candle

In the double-slit experiment, dark stripes appear on the screen at the locations where the distance from the location

to one slit is a whole number of wavelengths and to the other, a whole plus half a wavelength