chapter 7 - pre class quiz

generative

A person's ability to create an infinite number of new and different phrases and sentences shows the _____ feature of language. -displacing -generative -syntax -symbolic

algorithm

A(n) _____ is a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method that inevitably produces the correct solution. -functional fixedness -algorithm -heuristic -exemplar

through insight.

After weeks spent studying a variety of sources and materials, Tara still couldn't decide on a topic for her seminar presentation. One morning, however, when she was out for her daily jog, she suddenly had a flash of inspiration. Tara solved her problem: -by using the representativeness heuristic. -through insight. -through functional fixedness. -by using an algorithm.

exemplars.

Drew is asked what object or objects come to mind in response to the word vegetable. At first, he says, "carrot," and then later says, "broccoli and Brussels sprouts." For Drew, broccoli and Brussels sprouts are: -exemplars. -concepts. -heuristics. -prototypes.

creativity

The group of cognitive processes used to generate useful, original, and novel ideas or solutions to problems is defined as: -mental set. -creativity. -intelligence. -insight.

representativeness heuristic.

The heuristic in which we estimate an event's likelihood of happening by comparing how similar its essential features are to our prototype of the event is called the: -availability heuristic. -elimination-by-aspects model. -single-feature model. -representativeness heuristic.

intelligence.

The topic Carrie has chosen for her psychology paper is the average person's global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment. Carrie has chosen to write her paper on: -cognition. -intelligence. -mental set. -mental age.

practical

The type of intelligence that involves the ability to adapt to the environment, and often reflects what is commonly described as "street smarts," is called _____ intelligence by Sternberg. -practical -analytic -creative -spatial

concept

When Lyndsey is asked whether a tomato is a vegetable or a fruit, she has trouble making the distinction, likely because a tomato does not resemble her _____ of what a fruit is. -heuristic -prototype -exemplar -concept

single-feature

When shopping, Dale always buys whichever brand of facial tissue is on sale, even if it is not the highest quality. This decision is based on the _____ model of decision making. -single-feature -elimination-by-aspects -additive -heuristic

bilingual speakers have an increased working memory in comparison to monolinguals.

All of the following are cognitive benefits of bilingualism EXCEPT: -bilingual speakers can inhibit distracting information better than monolinguals. -bilingual speakers are better at taking another person's perspective into account when they need to in comparison to monolinguals. -bilingual speakers have an increased working memory in comparison to monolinguals. -bilingual speakers are better able to control attention than are monolinguals.

displacement.

Alyssa's parents sit her down one night to tell her that if she saves up $1,500, they will match her money and help her purchase the used car she has been eyeing. The ability of her parents to communicate meaningfully about ideas, objects, and activities that are not physically present is referred to as: -linguistic relativity. -displacement. -generativity. -functional fixedness.

category.

As cognitive psychologists use the term, a concept is a(n): -category. -insight. -heuristic. -thought.

creative

As described by Robert Sternberg, the form of intelligence that involves the ability to deal with novel situations by drawing on existing skills and knowledge is called _____ intelligence. -practical -creative -naturalist -spatial

social discrimination can affect IQ scores.

Dr. Adatia, a cross-cultural psychologist, discovered that children of immigrant Buraku families living in the United States had IQ scores no different from other Japanese Americans, but that the Burakumin in Japan had IQ scores 10 to 15 points lower than those of other Japanese. Dr. Adatia is MOST likely to conclude that: -IQ scores are genetically determined. -better nutrition is the main factor that influences IQ scores. -social discrimination can affect IQ scores. -the U.S. educational system is better than Japan's system.

standardization

Dr. Dodd is examining the relationship between senior citizens' performance on several cognitive tasks and their responses to a self-report measure of physical activity. However, the physical activity measure he uses was normed only on college students. Based on that information, the MOST apparent weakness of Dr. Dodd's study is the _____ of the activity measure. -validity -cultural sensitivity -reliability -standardization

standardizing the test.

Dr. Hellsing has designed a test to measure the level of scientific knowledge in high school graduates. To establish a norm against which individual scores may be interpreted and compared, she is currently administering the test to a large representative sample of high school graduates. Dr. Hellsing is in the process of: -determining the test's aptitude. -establishing the test's validity. -establishing the test's reliability. -standardizing the test.

reliability

Dr. Joshi assesses the correlation between scores obtained on two similar halves of her new abstract reasoning test, in order to measure the _____ of her test. -validity -aptitude -reliability -norms

comparative cognition.

Dr. Naidu's research focuses on animal learning, memory, thinking, and language. She is MOST likely interested in: -the triarchic theory of intelligence. -heritability and heritability estimates. -comparative cognition. -the theory of multiple intelligences.

availability heuristic.

George recently saw a television special on psychology. He noticed that most of the psychologists interviewed were middle-aged men. When he took his first psychology class, he was surprised to find that his professor was a young woman rather than an older, bearded man. George's surprise is probably due to his use of the: -availability heuristic. -single-feature model. -representativeness heuristic. -additive model.

insight

Initially, Dr. Shim could not make sense of her patient's unusual symptoms or arrive at a clear diagnosis. However, while taking a walk during her lunch break, Dr. Shim suddenly realized what diagnosis made sense of all the symptoms. That, in turn, enabled her to order the appropriate lab tests. In this instance, Dr. Shim is MOST likely using _____ to diagnose her patient's illness. -the elimination-by-aspects technique -the single-feature model -an algorithm -insight

the availability heuristic.

Martin does not eat at a certain restaurant in town anymore. While searching a popular Web site for new places to eat, he remembers that he read two or three negative reviews of the restaurant's service. Martin fell prey to: -the availability heuristic. -confirmation bias. -the representativeness heuristic. -functional fixedness.

mental set

One of the common obstacles to problem solving, known as _____, involves continuing to solve problems with solutions that have worked in the past. -confirmation bias -the belief-bias effect -functional fixedness -mental set

analytic, creative, and practical.

Sternberg's theory, also known as the triarchic theory of intelligence, describes three forms of intelligence, which are: -bodily-kinesthetic, linguistic, and creative. -analytic, creative, and interpersonal. -analytic, creative, and practical. -practical, naturalist, and spatial.

prototype.

The "best," or most typical, instance of a particular concept is called a(n): -heuristic. -concept. -prototype. -exemplar.

fallacy of positive instances

The _____ is the tendency to remember uncommon events that seem to confirm our beliefs and to forget events that disconfirm our beliefs. -confirmation bias -fallacy of positive instances -overestimation effect -belief-bias effect

language can be formally defined as a system for combining meaningful symbols to produce arbitrary statements.

The following statements about language are true, EXCEPT: -a person produces hundreds of new sentences every day. -of all human cognitive abilities, language is one of the most remarkable. -the purpose of language is to communicate. -language can be formally defined as a system for combining meaningful symbols to produce arbitrary statements.

Such a threat can affect the members of any group about whom a negative stereotype exists.

When using the concept of stereotypical threat, we know which of the following? -Such a threat has little to no effect on the members of any group about whom a negative stereotype exists. -Stereotypes hold no value in the real world. -Such a threat can affect the members of any group about whom a negative stereotype exists. -Stereotypes can be overcome with a strong belief that the stereotype is wrong.

text messaging on one's phone

Which is NOT an example of a mental image? -text messaging on one's phone -tasting a cup of coffee -smelling a rose -feeling a cold compress against one's skin

Crystallized intelligence (your knowledge) increases with age, but fluid intelligence (your processing speed) decreases with age

Which of the following is true? -Crystallized intelligence (your knowledge) decreases with age, but fluid intelligence (your processing speed) increases with age -Crystallized intelligence (your processing speed) increases with age, but fluid intelligence (your knowledge) decreases with age -Crystallized intelligence (your processing speed) decreases with age, but fluid intelligence (your knowledge) increases with age -Crystallized intelligence (your knowledge) increases with age, but fluid intelligence (your processing speed) decreases with age

the manipulation of mental representations of information in order to draw inferences or conclusions

Which phrase defines "thinking"? -the manipulation of mental representations of information in order to draw inferences or conclusions -a mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present -the tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past -a mental category we form to group objects, events, or situations that share similar features or characteristics

It can lead to faulty estimates and judgments.

Which statement can be made about the representativeness heuristic? -It is not contingent on one's prototype of an event. -It almost always leads to accurate estimates. -It is most likely to be used when a person relies on information held in short-term memory. -It can lead to faulty estimates and judgments.

Every child is born with a biological predisposition to learn any language.

Which statement is TRUE about language development? -Every child is born with a biological predisposition to learn any language. -After 1-2 years, children begin to develop universal grammar. -Newborn infants tend to prefer sounds other than speech. -Only a few cultures have different speech styles, such as motherese and parentese.

Anchoring effect

Your friend offers to buy your textbook. They ask you if they can buy it for $5. You say "NO WAY! But I'll take $20." You probably could have sold it for $75. This is an example of... -Representativeness heuristic -Anchoring effect -Framing effect -Availability heuristic -Overestimation effect

Language

_____ involves a system for combining arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements. -Communication -Mental symbols -Language -Intelligence