Chapter 7 Primary Producers

Giant kelp can grow to be _____ meters.

100

Seaweeds cover about__% of the seafloor.

2

Two phycocolloids from red algae are_______, which is used to make laboratory culture media, and_____________ which is used as a thickening agent in ice cream, pudding, and salad dressings as well as in the cosmetic industry.

Agar, Carrageenan

Define epiphyte.

An epiphyte is any organism that grows on a multicellular primary producer

Seaweeds are distinguished by their____________.

Biochemistry

What are bladders in a seaweed?

Bladders of seaweeds are gas-filled floats in the thallus.

Chlorophylls absorb _________ and _______ wavelengths of light and reflect ________ light.

Blue, red, green

What gives brown algae their olive-brown color?

Carotenoids pigment fucoxanthin

What makes up the cell walls of seaweeds?

Cellulose

Green algae are in the Phylum ______________.

Chlorophyta

What is chromatic adaptation and do seaweeds follow this type of distribution?

Chromatic adaptation is the alteration of kinds and quantities of photosynthetic pigments in response to changes in quantity and quality of light. Yes they do.

The depth where seaweeds can survive, but there will be no growth is called the ________.

Compensation depth

What are coralline algae and why are they important?

Coralline algae are a group of red algae that deposit calcium carbonate in their cell walls. This process, called consolidation, is necessary to hold the many parts of areef together and eventually forms large areas of nearly solid reef. Coralline algae are a group of red algae that deposit calcium carbonate in their cell walls. This process, called consolidation, is necessary to hold the many parts of areef together and eventually forms large areas of nearly solid reef.

Sargassum seaweed is a type of ________ that reproduces by fragmentation and forms floating mats that drift with the currents.

Drift aglae

Red algae are always red. True or False?

False

Some red algae is used as a food source for humans and animal feed. True or False?

False

The color of the thallus is due to the wavelengths of light that are absorbed by the combination of pigments in the seaweed. True or False?

False

In sexual reproduction, ______________ are produced by the __________ within structures called_____________.

Gametes, mitosis and Gametangia

Why is mucilage important?

It holds a lot of water and It protects the exposed algae from the tide

Seaweeds are also called ___________

Marcoalgae

List four ways seaweeds are important.

Medicinal and Dietary Provide habits for other organisms Provide food for other organism primarily throgh

___________ live longer than two years.

Perennials

Brown algae are in the Phylum ______________.

Phaeophyta

Red algae are in the Phylum__________.

Phodphyta

A food from red algae used in Asian cuisine is called__________.

Porphyra

What are the three groups of algae (common name and phylum)?

Red( phylum Phodphyta) brown(phylum Phaeophyta) green(phylum Chlorophyta)

Define rhizoids.

Rhizoids are root-like anchoring structures of a seaweed

Three marine habitats are defined by the dominant flowering plants: ______________,_____________, ad ____________

Seagrass beds, Salt marshes, and mangrove forests.

In another type of asexual reproduction, the thallus called the____________ produces_________ during a stage called the _________.

Sporangium, haploid spores, meiosis

Excess sugars in seaweeds may be stored as ________.

Starches

List a few uses of brown algae.

The alginates (phycocolloids) of some brown algae are harvested for commercial use as thickening agents in the textile, dental, cosmetics, and food industries.

What is the cuticle for?

The cuticle is a protective layer and may be so thick that it gives the alga an iridescent sheen

What is unique about sargassum seaweeds

They are benthic

Where is the greatest diversity of algal species?

Tropical Waters

Green algae demonstrate alternation of generations in their life cycle. True or False?

True

Most red algae are freshwater. True or False?

True

The phycocolloids of brown algae are called _________.

alginates

Define coenocytic.

body has one giant cell or a few large cells containing more than one nucleus.

Define Alternation of Generations.

describes the life cycle of seaweeds and plants that includes more than one multicellular stage, usually one sexual and one asexual

What are some ways humans have used green algae?

food, fodder for livestock, fertilizer or mulch in agriculture, wastewater treatment, and a source of chemicals.

The asexual production of new organisms from pieces of a parent organism is called _________.

fragmentation

Brown algae are more diverse and abundant along the coasts of_________ latitudes (temperate waters).

high

What is a fouling community?

is an assemblage of organisms that grow on an intertidal or a submerged artificial structure.

Define epizoic.

is any organism that grows on an animal.

The red color comes from the __________________________pigments.

large amount of phycoerythrins

Scientists who study seaweeds are called ___________ or ___________.

phycologist, algologist

Familiar brown algae include__________,___________ , and ___________

rockweeds, kelps and Sargassum weed.

What are a few ways red algae avoid predation?

thalli less edible, changing their growth patterns, and evolving complex life cycles. some red algae deter herbivores by incorporating calcium carbonate into the cell wall, making the thallus difficult to eat and digest and reducing its nutritional value. others alter their growth patterns when subjected to predation, producing forms such as algal turfs that are more difficult for herbivores to graze.

How do green algae adapt to predation?

tolerance, avoidance, and deterrence are three ways that organisms adapt to predation