Chapter 7: Proteins

When the pH of blood is below ____ this is known as acidosis

7.4

Edema refers to

a buildup of fluid in the spaces between cells.

Proteins are made up of smaller units called ___________ __________.

amino acids

A specific tRNA molecule _________.

conveys a particular amino acid to the ribosome

During protein synthesis, the mRNA moves to the _________ after leaving the nucleus.

cytoplasm

Amino acids are the end product of _________ digestion.

protein

Protein-energy malnutrition is an example of:

undernutrition

What are some examples of foods made from soybeans? *Check all that apply.

-Infant formula _meat substitutes -Soy milk

Which of the following are potential disadvantages from following a vegetarian diet? *Check all that apply.

-Low iron and calcium -Low Vitamin-D and riboflavin

Which of the following statements are true about complete protein sources? Select all that apply.

-Most foods of animal origin are sources of complete protein. -Supplies all nine essential amino acids.

What confirms the diagnosis of celiac disease?

-Positive blood test -Intestinal biopsy

What is a healthy adult's RDA for protein?

0.8 g/kg of body weight

A _______ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

dispensable

Animal proteins are a good source of all nine _________ amino acids.

essential

People with celiac disease must avoid products with:

gluten

A _________ bond is an attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another acid.

peptide

Diets that contain low-quality ________ can result in poor growth, slow recovery from illness, and even death.

proteins

Forms of PEM include:

*Marasmus *Kwashiorkor

Humans are considered:

*Omnivores *Able to eat plants and animals

Match the term with its definition: *Peptide bond *Peptides *Polypeptides

*Peptide bond>Chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together *Peptides>small chains of amino acids *Polypeptides>proteins comprised of 2 or more amino acids

Order the food most protein to least protein

*Tuna *Miso (soybean product) *milk *green peas

A(n) __________ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet.

*indispensable *essential

What is the name of compounds that speed up chemical reactions without becoming part of the products?

Enzymes

The percentage of adults who do not eat meat, fish or poultry is about:

2.3%

Rank the basic steps of protein synthesis

1. DNA unwinds exposing a gene. 2. The gene undergoes transcription, forming messenger RNA. 3. mRNA transfers the information from the nucleus to ribosomes. 4. The ribosomes "read" the messenger RNA 5. RNA molecule conveys particular amino acid to the ribosome. 6. At the ribosome, the amino acid attaches to the peptide chain.

Rank the correct order for the steps of urea production and removal

1. Deamination results in the production of ammonia 2. liver converts ammonia to urea 3. urea is released into the blood 4. kidneys pick up urea and eliminate it in the urine

Choose the nutrient class that is most important.

All nutrient classes are of equal importance.

It is the role of ___, located in a cell's nucleus, to store the instructions for protein synthesis.

DNA

incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the ______ code.

DNA

What is the process of altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein by treatment with heat, enzymes, acids, bases, or agitation?

Denaturation

What type of physician specializes in the treatment and diagnosis of allergies?

Immunologist

_________ proteins are dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more essential amino acids.

Incomplete

Which naturally occurring food is 100% protein?

No naturally occurring food is 100% protein.

Amino acids are the building blocks of ________.

Proteins

True or False. Every cell contains protein.

True.

Match the food with the approximate amount of protein in the food.

*3 oz. serving ground beef> 23 grams of protein *3 oz. serving of carrots> 1 gram of protein *3 oz. serving of broccoli> 1 gram of protein

Match the type of protein with the most appropriate characteristic of the protein.

*Collagen>Cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue *Keratin>Hair, nails, and skin

Which of the following is true about protein? Check ALL that apply.

*Contains nitrogen *Organic molecules

Which of the following elements are combined to make a protein? *Check all that apply

*Hydrogen *Oxygen *Carbon *Nitrogen

Match each term with the most appropriate definition. *Lactovegetarian *Lactoovovegetarian *ovovegetarian

*Lactovegetarian> Eats milk and milk products but NO animal flesh or eggs *Lactoovovegetarian> Eats milk and milk products and eggs but NO other animal foods *Ovovegetarian> Eats eggs but NO other animal foods

Rank in the order the steps involved in the digestion of protein beginning in the stomach.

1. Denaturation by stomach acid and partial digestion by pepsin. 2. The pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes. 3. Final digestion occurs within absorptive cells. 4. Amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver. 5. Rectum: Very little dietary protein is excreted in feces.

Put the process of protein digestion in the correct order, from start to finish.

1. Digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine. 2. Further digestion occurs as the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes, including trypsin. 3. Final digestion occurs within the absorptive cells. 4. Amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver.

Which of the following cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and MUST be included in the diet?

Essential amino acid

All of the following are good sources of protein EXCEPT: *Fruit *Soy Products *Meat *Milk

Fruit

______-protein diets lead to increased urine output which, in turn, poses a risk for dehydration.

High

During periods of growth, recovery from a serious illness, and pregnancy, the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for protein will __________.

Increase

A(n) ______________ is a modified vegetarian because they will extend their vegetarian diet to include dairy products.

lactovegetarian

The purpose of_________ is to transfer the DNA code from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm so that the protein synthesis can occur.

mRNA

A _______ diet is best for getting high-quality protein because of the wide variety of foods available to contribute the nine essential amino acids.

mixed

A _________ nitrogen balance occurs when a person consumes less protein than is needed

negative

The branch of science that studies the interactions between gene functioning, dietary choices and the environments is called_______ _______.

nutritional genomics

Some nutrition experts suspect that diets that supply a lot of animal protein are associated with __________, due to the increased calcium losses seen with these diets.

osteoporosis

Which of the following are common signs and symptoms of food allergies?

*scaly skin rash *swollen or itchy lips *difficulty swallowing

A complete (high-quality) protein contains:

-All nine essential amino acids

Which of the following are the two primary sources of fuel for cells? *Select the two best responses.

-Carbohydrates -Fats

Plant proteins are a heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less or no _________ than animal sources of protein. *Check all that apply.

-Cholesterol -Saturated Fat

Which of the following would be helpful in decreasing animal food intake? *Check all that apply.

-Decrease serving sizes of animal foods -Replace meat with other sources of high-quality proteins -Prepare foods with less animal protein and more plant protein

Proteins functions as: *check all that apply

-Enzymes -Compounds that help maintain fluid and pH balance -antibodies

Choose the true statements about commercially prepared vegetarian foods. *Check all that apply.

-Generally these foods do not contain cholesterol -Many are made with soy-based products -Lower in saturated fat compared to non-vegetarian food

What are some common deficiencies in a poorly planned plant-based diet?

-Iron -Vitamin-D -Vitamin B-12

Which of the following foods are considered to have high-quality protein? *Check all that apply

-Poultry -Meat -Eggs -Fish

Which of the following are examples of processed meat products?

-Sausage -Ham -Bacon

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein?

10 to 35%

A ________ is part of a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds. Examples include: peanuts, garden peas, and lentils.

Legume

A person who relies heavily on plant foods and may or may not include some animal foods in their diet is considered a:

Vegetarian

A(n) __________ protein balance occurs when a person consumes more protein daily than he or she loses.

positive

Consumers who utilize at home genetic tests should: *check all that apply

-use caution when interpreting their results -first consult their physician

Place the following foods in order beginning with the food that contains the most protein and ending with the food that contains the least protein.

1. chicken breast (4 ounce) 2. Tuna (4 ounce) 3. Peanut Butter (2 Tbsp) 4. Banana (one)

Put the processes of protein digestion in the correct order, from start to finish

1. digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine. 2. further digestion occurs as the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes, including trypsin. 3. final digestion occurs within absorptive cells. 4. amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver.

There are a total of _ essential amino acids and eleven nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function.

9

what is the name of the disease known as "the disease the first child gets when the new child comes"?

Kwashiorkor

The observation that people with celiac disease are healthy until they eat gluten is an example of:

Nutrigenetics

The study of how a person's genetic makeup influences the way their body reacts to food is called ___________.

Nutrigenetics

The study of how the nutrients and other components in food can affect gene expression is called ______.

Nutrigenomics

A protein in red blood cells, hemoglobin, is comprised of four polypeptide chains coiled together. This shape makes hemoglobin very good at transporting ___________.

Oxygen

A(n) __________ is a "total vegetarian" who eats only plant foods and does NOT use animal products for any other purposes.

Vegan

A high protein diet can increase ________ loss in urine.

calcium