Chapter 7: Section 1 and 2
__________ pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the brain and ______ pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord.
12; 31
What are four different types of neuroglia in the CNS and what does it do?
1)Astrocytes: helps form the blood-brain carriers and helps maintain the proper balance of k+ for generation of action potential 2)Oligodendrocytes: forming and maintaining the myelin sheath around axons of neurons 3)Microglia: carry on phagocytosis and remove cellular debris 4)Ependymal cells: line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord.
______________ CNS processes sensory information by analyzing it and making decisions for appropriate responses.
Integrative function
In most neurons, action potentials arise at the __________ from which they travel along the axon to their destination, which is also known as the __________ because of its role in the generation of action potentials.
axon hillock; trigger zone
A nerve is a bundle of ___________ that lies outside the brain and spinal cord.
axons
A __________ receptor is a structure that monitors changes in the external and internal environment.
sensory
____________ sensory receptors detect external or internal stimuli. This information is then conveyed through cranial and spinal nerves of the PNS into the brain and spinal cord of the CNS.
sensory function
_____________ convey action potentials from the PNS into the CNS.
sensory or afferent neurons
Axon
single, long process of a neuron that propagates an action potential toward the axon terminals
A typical neuron has three major parts:
cell body, dendrites, and an axon
The cell body (soma)
contains most of the organelles including the nucleus
Throughout the nervous system, the cell bodies of adjacent neurons are often clustered together. A cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS is called a ___________ plural is __________. A similar arrangement of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS is known as ____________ plural is ______.
ganglion; ganglia; nucleus; nuclei
Neurons of the sympathetic nervous system _____________ heart rate, and neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system _________________.
increase; slow it down
_________________ are located entirely within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons.
interneurons or association neurons
Proprioceptors
located in muscles, tendons and or joints that provides information about body position and movements
Sensory receptors in skin
monitors changes in the external or internal environment.
__________ information is conveyed from the CNS through cranial and spinal nerves of the PNS to effectors. Stimulation of the effectors causes muscles to contract and glands to secrete.
motor function
________________ convey action potentials away from the CNS to effectors in the periphery.
motor or efferent neurons
The CNS processes many different kinds of incoming sensory information. It is also the source of thoughts, emotions and memories. Most signals that stimulate ___________ to contract and ______________ to secrete originate in the CNS.
muscles; glands
______________ also known as nerve cells, are the basic functional units of the nervous system.
neurons
What are the two major cell types of the nervous system?
neurons and neuroglia
In general, the __________ nervous system takes care of the 'rest-and-digest", and the ________________ nervous system helps support exercise or emergency action- the so-called "fight-or-flight" responses.
parasympathetic; sympathetic
The ________________ consists of all the nervous tissue outside the CNS.
peripheral nervous system
Baroreceptors
pressure-sensitive sensory receptors are located in the aorta, internal carotid arteries and other large arteries in the neck and chest.
Dendrites
a neuronal process that carries electrical signals, usually graded potentials, toward the cell body
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the _______________ and ________________.
brain; spinal cord
Chemoreceptors
detect chemicals in the mouth (taste), nose (smell), and body fluids.
