Chapter 7 Study Test Questions
The primary respiratory stimulus in a healthy adult is a(n): A) decreased arterial oxygen level. B) increased arterial carbon dioxide level. C) increased pH level of the venous blood. D) decreased venous level of carbon dioxide.
B) increased arterial carbon dioxide level.
The aorta divides into the two common iliac arteries at the level of the: A) 3rd lumbar vertebra. B) 5th lumbar vertebra. C) 8th thoracic vertebra. D) 12th thoracic vertebra.
B) 5th lumbar vertebra.
The average total body water content of an adult is approximately ____% of his or her body weight. A) 50 B) 60 C) 70 D) 80
B) 60
What happens when systemic vasoconstriction occurs? A) Preload decreases. B) Afterload increases. C) Afterload and preload increase. D) Afterload and preload decrease.
B) Afterload increases.
Which of the following statements regarding anaerobic metabolism is correct? A) The waste products of anaerobic metabolism are carbon dioxide and water. B) Anaerobic metabolism can be supported in most cells for only 1 to 3 minutes. C) The lactic acid produced by anaerobic metabolism is needed to make energy. D) Anaerobic metabolism is a normal process that occurs in the presence of oxygen.
B) Anaerobic metabolism can be supported in most cells for only 1 to 3 minutes.
How do the blood vessels of the skin respond to cold temperatures? A) Dilation, which diverts blood away from the skin B) Constriction, which diverts blood away from the skin C) Dilation, which pulls blood to the skin's surface D) Constriction, which pulls blood to the skin's surface
B) Constriction, which diverts blood away from the skin
Which of the following vessels or structures is NOT part of the pulmonary circulation? A) Pulmonary artery B) Descending aorta C) Alveolar capillary D) Pulmonic valve
B) Descending aorta
What body system is comprised of various glands located throughout the body? A) Urinary system B) Endocrine system C) Respiratory system D) Nervous system
B) Endocrine system
What is the function of the lymphatic system? A) Prevention of viruses from entering the body B) Filtration of debris and bacteria from the blood C) Production of antibodies that destroy bacteria D) Secretion of hormones to regulate other body functions
B) Filtration of debris and bacteria from the blood
Increased myocardial contractility secondary to stretching of the myocardial walls is called the: A) Ernest-Henry effect. B) Frank-Starling effect. C) Beck-Cushing's reflex. D) Frank-Beck mechanism.
B) Frank-Starling effect.
During an allergic reaction, basophils release histamines and heparin. What respective roles do these chemicals play? A) Reduce inflammation and facilitate blood clotting B) Increase tissue inflammation and inhibit blood clotting C) Reduce inflammation and inhibit blood clotting D) Reduce tissue inflammation and inhibit blood clotting
B) Increase tissue inflammation and inhibit blood clotting
Which of the following is a function of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)? A) Provides the sense of vision via the optic tracts B) Innervates the muscles that cause motion of the eyeballs C) Innervates muscles of the eyeball that allows a downward gaze D) Carries sympathetic nerve fibers that cause dilation of the pupils
B) Innervates the muscles that cause motion of the eyeballs
Which of the following are typically found in the muscle cells, and provide cell movement and contraction via interaction with actin and myosin? A) Mitochondria B) Microfilaments C) Peroxisomes D) Lysosomes
B) Microfilaments
Of the 12 cranial nerves, which 2 do NOT exit from the brainstem? A) Phrenic and vagus B) Olfactory and optic C) Trochlear and abducens D) Hypoglossal and oculomotor
B) Olfactory and optic
Which of the following structures comprise different types of tissues that work together to perform a particular function? A) Cells B) Organs C) Organisms D) Body systems
B) Organs
Which of the following stimulate(s) hormone secretion and influence(s) sodium and water movements in the kidney, helping to regulate blood pressure? A) Loop of Henle B) Prostaglandins C) Pituitary gland D) Corticosteroids
B) Prostaglandins
The heart's primary pacemaker, which is located in the right atrium, is the: A) AV node. B) SA node. C) AV junction. D) bundle of His.
B) SA node.
Which portion of the spinal column articulates with the pelvis? A) Thoracic B) Sacral C) Lumbar D) Coccyx
B) Sacral
Which layer of the blood vessel wall is composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells? A) Lumen B) Tunica media C) Tunica intima D) Tunica adventitia
B) Tunica media
Which of the following directional terms describes the front surface of the body? A) Dorsal B) Ventral C) Inferior D) Superior
B) Ventral
When oxygen levels are low or absent, the cells revert to a process of: A) aerobic metabolism. B) anaerobic metabolism. C) anaerobic anabolism. D) aerobic catabolism.
B) anaerobic metabolism.
The most inferior portion of the heart is called the: A) base. B) apex. C) volar. D) dorsum.
B) apex.
The first and second cervical vertebrae are called the: A) axis and dens. B) atlas and axis. C) dens and atlas. D) odontoid and axis.
B) atlas and axis.
The first two cervical vertebrae, in descending order, are called: A) axis and dens. B) atlas and axis. C) dens and odontoid. D) odontoid and atlas.
B) atlas and axis.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves arise from the: A) somatic nervous system. B) autonomic nervous system. C) voluntary nervous system. D) adrenal nervous system.
B) autonomic nervous system.
The ilium is defined as the: A) lower portion of the small intestine. B) bony prominences of the pelvis. C) structure that overlies the bladder. D) ligament that overlies the femoral vessels.
B) bony prominences of the pelvis.
During your assessment of a trauma patient, you note the presence of bilateral femur fractures. This means that: A) one femur is broken. B) both femurs are broken. C) one femur is broken in two places. D) the lateral aspect of one femur is broken.
B) both femurs are broken.
Excessive stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system will result in: A) hypertension. B) bradycardia. C) hyperactivity. D) diaphoresis.
B) bradycardia.
A(n) ___________ is a substance that can absorb or donate hydrogen. A) acid B) buffer C) base D) ion
B) buffer
The _______________ is a deep ridge of nerve fibers, which is separated by a layer of dura mater and connects the two cerebral hemispheres. A) cerebral cortex B) corpus collosum C) presynaptic terminal D) coroid plexus
B) corpus collosum
Examples of steroid hormones are: A) epinephrine and prolactin. B) cortisol and testosterone. C) oxytocin and growth hormone. D) norepinephrine and antidiuretic hormone.
B) cortisol and testosterone.
If too much water moves out of a cell, the cell shrinks abnormally. This process is called: A) lysis. B) crenation. C) pinocytosis. D) endocytosis.
B) crenation.
The substance that contains all the cellular contents between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called the: A) protoplasm. B) cytoplasm. C) Golgi apparatus. D) endoplasmic reticulum.
B) cytoplasm.
The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint where the humeral head articulates with the: A) acromion process. B) glenoid fossa. C) acetabulum. D) popliteal fossa.
B) glenoid fossa.
Glycogenolysis is the physiologic process in which: A) the pancreas secretes glycogen. B) glycogen is converted to glucose. C) glucose is converted to glycogen. D) the kidneys produce additional glucose.
B) glycogen is converted to glucose.
The body's ability to spontaneously cease bleeding is called: A) fibrinolysis. B) hemostasis. C) homeostasis. D) thrombolysis.
B) hemostasis.
The separation of the intracellular and extracellular areas by a selectively permeable membrane helps to maintain: A) endocytosis. B) homeostasis. C) hemostasis. D) exocytosis.
B) homeostasis.
A patient is placed in the Fowler's position. In this position, the body is: A) on its side with the head lowered. B) in a semireclining position. C) supine with the legs elevated. D) on its side with the head elevated.
B) in a semireclining position.
A medication that possesses a positive chronotropic effect is one that: A) decreases heart rate. B) increases heart rate. C) decreases cardiac contractility. D) increases the conduction of electricity.
B) increases heart rate.
The three small bones in the middle ear are the: A) malleus, anvil, and incus. B) incus, malleus, and stapes. C) stapes, anvil, and malleolus. D) malleus, stapes, and foramina.
B) incus, malleus, and stapes.
Extracellular fluid accounts for what percentage of all body fluid? A) 15% B) 20% C) 25% D) 30%
C) 25%
How many pairs of ribs are attached directly to the sternum? A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 10
C) 7
Which of the following physiologic responses would you expect to see in a patient with a pH of 7.50? A) Bicarbonate retention B) Increased respirations C) Decreased respirations D) Hydrogen ion excretion
C) Decreased respirations
A patient is found to have a high blood sugar level (hyperglycemia). What is a cause of this? A) Excessive insulin levels in the blood B) Decreased production of glucagon C) Deficient insulin levels in the blood D) Hyperactivity of the pancreatic beta cells
C) Deficient insulin levels in the blood
Which type of nerve cells conduct electrical impulses away from the cell body? A) Axons B) Neurons C) Dendrites D) Neurocytes
C) Dendrites
What type of tissue covers and lines internal organs? A) Connective B) Muscle C) Epithelial D) Striated
C) Epithelial
What physiologic reaction occurs when a person's blood sugar level falls? A) The pancreas secretes more insulin. B) More glycogen is stored in the liver. C) Glucagon production is increased. D) The pancreatic beta cells become hyperactive.
C) Glucagon production is increased.
Which of the following organs/structures lie(s) in the retroperitoneal space of the abdomen? A) Liver B) Spleen C) Kidneys D) Superior vena cava
C) Kidneys
Which layer of the heart would be penetrated during an emergent medical procedure in order to remove fluid? A) Myocardium B) Epicardium C) Pericardium D) Endocardium
C) Pericardium
What type of valves are the aortic and pulmonic valves? A) Papillary B) Chordis C) Semilunar D) Atrioventricular
C) Semilunar
Which of the following organs contain(s) the greatest number of lymphocytes? A) Liver B) Pancreas C) Spleen D) Kidneys
C) Spleen
The movement of a substance against a concentration or gradient that requires energy is called: A) endocytosis. B) osmotic pressure. C) active transport. D) facilitated diffusion.
C) active transport.
Movement of an extremity toward the midline of the body is called: A) supination. B) pronation. C) adduction. D) abduction.
C) adduction.
The term perfusion is BEST defined as: A) the production of waste products from metabolism. B) effective exchange of O2 and CO2 in the lungs. C) adequate circulation of blood to the body's cells. D) sufficient removal of waste products from the body.
C) adequate circulation of blood to the body's cells.
Molecules that bind to a receptor's cells and trigger a response by that cell, thereby resulting in some kind of action or biologic effect, are called: A) steroids. B) proteins. C) agonists. D) hormones.
C) agonists.
Urea is a result of: A) sodium catabolism. B) lactic acid metabolism. C) amino acid catabolism. D) phosphate metabolism.
C) amino acid catabolism.
All of the following are functions of the parasympathetic nervous system, EXCEPT: A) constriction of the pupils. B) lowering of the blood pressure. C) decreased gastrointestinal function. D) mediating arousal in males and females.
C) decreased gastrointestinal function.
Afterload is defined as the: A) volume of blood returned to the left and right atrium. B) amount of blood pumped from the heart per contraction. C) degree of pressure against which the left ventricle pumps. D) volume of blood pumped ejected from the heart per minute.
C) degree of pressure against which the left ventricle pumps.
The main pacemaker for breathing that is responsible for initiating respiration is called the: A) apneustic center. B) pneumotaxic center. C) dorsal respiratory group. D) ventral respiratory group.
C) dorsal respiratory group.
Beginning with the outermost layer, the three meningeal layers of the central nervous system are the: A) dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid. B) arachnoid, pia mater, and dura mater. C) dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater. D) pia mater, dura mater, and arachnoid.
C) dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.
The pulmonary circulation is responsible for: A) sending deoxygenated blood to the atria. B) perfusing the vital organs of the body. C) ensuring that blood gets reoxygenated. D) filtering the blood of toxic chemicals.
C) ensuring that blood gets reoxygenated.
A 2-year-old child has experienced a proximal humeral fracture involving the growth plate. This plate is also called the: A) diaphyseal plate. B) metaphyseal plate. C) epiphyseal plate. D) endosteum plate.
C) epiphyseal plate.
Topographically, the term distal means: A) near the trunk. B) near a point of reference. C) farther from the trunk. D) toward the body's midline.
C) farther from the trunk.
Leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the nose following severe head trauma suggests: A) fracture of the basilar skull. B) damage to the nasal sinuses. C) fracture of the cribriform plate. D) damage to the auditory canal.
C) fracture of the cribriform plate.
The base of the epidermis, which continuously produces new cells that rise to the skin's surface, is called the: A) corneal layer. B) sebaceous layer. C) germinal layer. D) melanin layer.
C) germinal layer.
Severe injuries to the liver are life-threatening because it is: A) avascular and relatively small. B) poorly protected by the rib cage. C) highly vascular and very fragile. D) normally enlarged in most people.
C) highly vascular and very fragile.
A newborn's total body water content is approximately: A) 40% of total body weight. B) 50% of total body weight. C) 60% of total body weight. D) 80% of total body weight.
D) 80% of total body weight.
Which of the following processes initiates urine formation? A) Cortisol secretion B) Tubular secretion C) Tubular reabsorption D) Glomerular filtration
D) Glomerular filtration
Which of the following is NOT a type of white blood cell? A) Eosinophil B) Neutrophil C) Granulocyte D) Histamine
D) Histamine
What is the cribriform plate? A) Superior surface of the cranial vault that protects the cerebrum B) Saddle-shaped depression in the middle of the sphenoid bone C) Opening through which the brainstem passes from the cerebrum D) Horizontal bone through which the olfactory nerve filaments pass
D) Horizontal bone through which the olfactory nerve filaments pass
What occurs during the initial phase of hemostasis? A) Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin. B) Fibrin binds to a platelet plug and forms a clot. C) Thromboplastin activates clotting proteins. D) Local vasoconstriction and platelet activation occur.
D) Local vasoconstriction and platelet activation occur.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin? A) Temperature regulation B) Protection from the environment C) Transmission of information to the brain D) Production of antibodies to foreign organisms
D) Production of antibodies to foreign organisms
What are the functions of the pancreas? A) Production of renin and regulation of blood pressure B) Storage and movement of food into the small intestine C) Concentration and storage of bile until it is needed for digestion D) Production of insulin and certain enzymes that aid in digestion
D) Production of insulin and certain enzymes that aid in digestion
Which of the following organs occupy all four abdominal quadrants? A) Liver and spleen B) Stomach and pancreas C) Colon and pancreas D) Small intestine and colon
D) Small intestine and colon
The diencephalon, a region of the brain, contains which of the following structures? A) Pons and medulla B) Cerebellum and pons C) Medulla and thalamus D) Thalamus and hypothalamus
D) Thalamus and hypothalamus
An organism will be biologically male if the 23rd chromosome pair in the zygote is: A) X. B) Y. C) XX. D) XY.
D) XY.
A pH of 7.30 indicates: A) a neutral pH. B) a basic pH. C) alkalosis. D) acidosis.
D) acidosis.
A protein of the immune system that recognizes foreign substances is called a(n): A) bilirubin. B) antigen. C) pathogen. D) antibody.
D) antibody.
The _______________ withstands the highest pressures of any vessel in the body. A) aortic arch B) abdominal aorta C) descending aorta D) ascending aorta
D) ascending aorta
The integumentary system includes all of the following structures, EXCEPT: A) the epidermis. B) sweat glands. C) hair follicles. D) blood vessels.
D) blood vessels.
The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata collectively form the: A) cerebellum. B) cerebral cortex. C) diencephalon. D) brainstem.
D) brainstem.
A slight dilation at the carotid bifurcation, called the ________________, contains structures that are important in regulating blood pressure. A) foramen ovale B) circle of Willis C) fossa ovalis D) carotid sinus
D) carotid sinus
Efferent nerves of the peripheral nervous system are responsible for: A) carrying impulses from the body to the brain. B) sensations such as pain, temperature, and pressure. C) involuntary functions such as breathing and heart rate. D) carrying commands from the brain to the muscles.
D) carrying commands from the brain to the muscles.
The metabolic breakdown of stored carbohydrates, fats, or proteins in order to provide energy is called: A) metabolism. B) hydrolysis. C) anabolism. D) catabolism.
D) catabolism.
The second heart sound (S2) represents: A) opening of the pulmonic valve. B) closure of the atrioventricular valves. C) opening of the aortic valve. D) closure of the semilunar valves.
D) closure of the semilunar valves.
The longest portion of the aorta, which subdivides into the thoracic and abdominal aorta, is the: A) ascending aorta B) innominate artery. C) aortic arch. D) descending aorta.
D) descending aorta.
The movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called: A) osmosis. B) endocytosis. C) exocytosis. D) diffusion.
D) diffusion.
Substances that release ions when dissolved in water are called: A) neutrons. B) exocytes. C) endocytes. D) electrolytes.
D) electrolytes.
The ongoing process by which red blood cells are made is called: A) diapedesis. B) phagocytosis. C) hematopoiesis. D) erythropoiesis.
D) erythropoiesis.
Antibodies made by the liver that make up about 36% of the plasma proteins are called: A) albumins. B) neutrophils. C) lysosomes. D) globulins.
D) globulins.
The process in which glucose is broken down to yield lactic or pyruvic acid is called: A) crenation. B) gluconeogenesis. C) glycogenolysis. D) glycolysis.
D) glycolysis.
A specialized part of the venous system that filters the blood and metabolizes various drugs is called the: A) duodenal portal system. B) splenic portal system. C) renal portal system. D) hepatic portal system.
D) hepatic portal system.
Decreases in the PaCO2 result in _____________ pH levels in the respiratory center and a(n) _____________ in ventilation. A) decreased, decrease B) increased, increase C) decreased, increase D) increased, decrease
D) increased, decrease
As electricity travels down the left and right bundle branches, it first stimulates the: A) Purkinje fibers. B) interatrial pathways. C) ventricular myocardium. D) intraventricular septum.
D) intraventricular septum.
An unconscious, adequately breathing patient should be placed in the recovery position, which is: A) supine. B) prone. C) semi-sitting. D) laterally recumbent.
D) laterally recumbent.
The parathyroid glands produce and secrete a hormone that: A) regulates the body's basil metabolic rate. B) converts glycogen produced in the liver to glucose. C) controls the function of all other endocrine glands. D) maintains normal levels of calcium in the blood.
D) maintains normal levels of calcium in the blood.
The upper section of the sternum is called the: A) jugular notch. B) xiphoid process. C) angle of Louis. D) manubrium.
D) manubrium.
The thyroid gland is responsible for the: A) release of TSH. B) breakdown of glycogen. C) production of glucose. D) metabolic rate.
D) metabolic rate.
The atrioventricular valves of the heart include the: A) tricuspid and mitral. B) mitral and aortic. C) bicuspid and aortic. D) tricuspid and pulmonic.
A) tricuspid and mitral.
Which of the following describes the shock position? A) The head and torso are supine and the legs are elevated 6" to 12". B) The head is elevated at a 45° angle and the legs are elevated 8". C) The body is supine with the head down and the legs elevated. D) The body is laterally recumbent and the head is lowered.
A) The head and torso are supine and the legs are elevated 6" to 12".
Which of the following is NOT part of the pelvis? A) Trochanter B) Iliac crest C) Pubic symphysis D) Sacroiliac joint
A) Trochanter
What are the three layers of the blood vessel, starting with the outer layer? A) Tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima B) Tunica intima, tunica adventitia, tunica media C) Tunica media, tunica intima, tunica adventitia D) Tunica media, tunica adventitia, tunica intima
A) Tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima
Ordinarily, approximately _____% of the cardiac output passes through the liver each minute. A) 25 B) 40 C) 55 D) 65
A) 25
A person with type A+ blood could receive which of the following blood types? A) A+ B) B- C) AB- D) AB+
A) A+
As an electrical impulse travels down the electrical conduction system, it transiently slows at the: A) AV node. B) bundle of His. C) sinoatrial node. D) interatrial septum.
A) AV node.
The outer adrenal cortex produces which of the following substances? A) Aldosterone B) Epinephrine C) Norepinephrine D) Dopamine
A) Aldosterone
Which of the following lists, in the correct order, the return of blood from the systemic circulation to the heart? A) Capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava B) Venules, capillaries, veins, vena cava C) Capillaries, arterioles, arteries, aorta D) Arterioles, capillaries, arteries, aorta
A) Capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava
What type of tissue fills body spaces, stores fat, and produces blood cells? A) Connective B) Muscle C) Nerve D) Epithelial
A) Connective
What is the action of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)? A) Controls hormone secretion from the adrenal cortex B) Increases the size and division rate of body cells C) Develops egg-containing follicles in females D) Controls conservation of water in the kidneys
A) Controls hormone secretion from the adrenal cortex
Which of the following substances are vital in the function of the sympathetic nervous system? A) Epinephrine and norepinephrine B) Aldosterone and dopamine C) Cortisol and epinephrine D) Aldosterone and cortisol
A) Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Which of the following statements regarding type O blood is correct? A) It contains no surface antigens. B) It contains type A surface antigens. C) It contains type B surface antigens. D) It contains both type A and B surface antigens.
A) It contains no surface antigens.
Which of the following statements regarding interstitial fluid is correct? A) It is located in the extracellular space and between the cells. B) It accounts for approximately 30% of total body weight. C) It is located within the blood vessels in the form of plasma. D) It is equal to approximately 15% to 20% of the total body weight.
A) It is located in the extracellular space and between the cells.
Which of the following statements regarding the thyroid cartilage is correct? A) It is the anterior part of the larynx. B) It is inferior to the cricoid cartilage. C) It is not easily seen in most people. D) It lies directly posterior to the larynx.
A) It is the anterior part of the larynx.
What is the function of a baroreceptor? A) Monitoring changes in arterial pressure B) Sensing changes in arterial oxygen levels C) Monitoring the pH of cerebrospinal fluid D) Sensing the arterial level of carbon dioxide
A) Monitoring changes in arterial pressure
Which of the following structures comprise the axial skeleton? A) Skull, face, thoracic cage, vertebral column B) Skull, shoulders, upper extremities, ribs C) Pelvic girdle, vertebral column, skull D) Ribs, shoulders, lower extremities, skull
A) Skull, face, thoracic cage, vertebral column
What portion of the brain is a relay center that filters important signals from routine signals? A) Thalamus B) Prefrontal area C) Hypothalamus D) Temporal lobe
A) Thalamus
What physiologic response occurs when a person loses blood? A) Vessels constrict and myocardial contractility increases. B) The heart rate increases and cardiac afterload decreases. C) The sympathetic nervous system decreases SA node discharge. D) Blood vessels dilate in order to increase arterial blood pressure.
A) Vessels constrict and myocardial contractility increases.
The epiglottis can be BEST described as: A) a valve that covers the trachea during swallowing. B) cartilage that closes the esophagus during breathing. C) a ligament that attaches the vocal cords to the glottic opening. D) cartilage that is inferior to the glottis and keeps the esophagus open.
A) a valve that covers the trachea during swallowing.
The cell membrane is selectively permeable, which means that it: A) allows only certain substances to pass through it. B) will allow any substance to readily pass through it. C) only allows potassium and calcium to pass through it. D) only allows sodium and chloride to pass through it.
A) allows only certain substances to pass through it.
The catecholamine epinephrine (adrenaline) has an affinity for: A) alpha and beta receptors. B) alpha-1 receptors only. C) beta-1 receptors only. D) alpha-1 and beta-2 receptors.
A) alpha and beta receptors.
The hypoxic drive, a backup system to control breathing, is stimulated when: A) arterial PaO2 levels decrease. B) arterial PaCO2 levels increase. C) arterial PaO2 levels increase. D) arterial PaCO2 levels decrease.
A) arterial PaO2 levels decrease.
The point where the first cervical vertebra (C1) articulates with the base of the skull is called the: A) atlanto-occipital joint. B) odontoid process. C) vertebral foramen. D) vertebra prominens.
A) atlanto-occipital joint.
Tiny particles that compose elements and vary in size and weight are called: A) atoms. B) electrons. C) isotopes. D) molecules.
A) atoms.
The myocardium is the only muscle that can generate its own electrical impulses. This process is called: A) automaticity. B) excitability. C) conductivity. D) dromotropy.
A) automaticity.
A fracture of the orbital bone is commonly referred to as a: A) blowout fracture. B) midface fracture. C) LeFort fracture. D) basilar fracture.
A) blowout fracture.
The first artery to branch from the aortic arch is the: A) brachiocephalic artery. B) internal carotid artery. C) external carotid artery. D) common iliac artery.
A) brachiocephalic artery.
The projection of the neurons that receives electrical impulses from other neurons is called a(n): A) dendrite. B) axon. C) neuroglia. D) motor fiber.
A) dendrite.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass across the alveolar capillary membrane through a process called: A) diffusion. B) osmosis. C) perfusion. D) metabolism.
A) diffusion.
The first portion of the small intestine that receives food from the stomach is the: A) duodenum. B) jejunum. C) ilium. D) ileum.
A) duodenum.
When activated, fibrinogen is converted to: A) fibrin. B) plasmin. C) thrombin. D) thromboplastin.
A) fibrin.
The brain and spinal cord are connected through a large opening at the base of the skull called the: A) foramen magnum. B) lamboid suture. C) vertebral foramen. D) mastoid process.
A) foramen magnum.
The femoral artery gives rise to all of the following arteries, EXCEPT the: A) iliac arteries. B) popliteal arteries. C) dorsalis pedis arteries. D) posterior tibial arteries.
A) iliac arteries.
A trauma patient complains of pain to the costovertebral angle (CVA) during palpation. The organ MOST likely injured is the: A) kidney. B) liver. C) spleen. D) bladder.
A) kidney.
Approximately two thirds of the heart muscle lies within a space in the thoracic cavity called the: A) mediastinum. B) hemithorax. C) pericardium. D) endocardium.
A) mediastinum.
The respiratory center of the brain is located in the: A) medulla. B) cerebrum. C) cerebellum. D) hypothalamus.
A) medulla.
The thick fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart is called the: A) pericardium. B) myocardium. C) epicardium. D) endocardium.
A) pericardium.
Any cell that ingests microorganisms or other cells is called a(n): A) phagocyte. B) endocyte. C) exocyte. D) pinocyte.
A) phagocyte.
All of the following are formed components of the blood, EXCEPT: A) plasma. B) platelets. C) red blood cells. D) white blood cells.
A) plasma.
Freshly oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium through the: A) pulmonary veins. B) pulmonary arteries. C) superior vena cava. D) inferior vena cava.
A) pulmonary veins.
In the bloodstream, _____________ reacts with the plasma protein angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I. A) renin B) sodium C) aldosterone D) testosterone
A) renin
Any vertical plane that is parallel to the median plane and divides the body into unequal left and right parts is called the: A) sagittal plane. B) median plane. C) caudal plane. D) transverse plane.
A) sagittal plane.
Osmosis is the movement of a: A) solvent from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration. B) solvent from an area of high solute concentration to one of low concentration. C) solute from an area of high solvent concentration to one of low concentration. D) solute from an area of low solvent concentration to one of high concentration.
A) solvent from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration.
Ventricular muscle contraction and the pumping of blood throughout the body occur during: A) systole. B) diastole. C) asystole. D) the cardiac cycle.
A) systole.
If the body is sliced so the result is a top and bottom portion, this is referred to as the: A) transverse plane. B) cross section. C) midsagittal plane. D) body's midline.
A) transverse plane.
In the pregnant patient, the secretion of oxytocin causes: A) uterine smooth muscle contraction. B) uterine smooth muscle relaxation. C) decreased milk production in the breasts. D) thickening of the uterine wall for implantation.
A) uterine smooth muscle contraction.
In response to shock or stress, sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes: A) vasoconstriction. B) slowing of the heart rate. C) increased gastrointestinal function. D) shunting of blood to the body's periphery.
A) vasoconstriction.
What is the total blood volume for a man who weighs 75 kg? A) 4.8 L B) 5.3 L C) 6.1 L D) 6.6 L
B) 5.3 L
The limbic system, a portion of the cerebrum and diencephalon, contains structures that: A) regulate sleeping and breathing. B) influence emotions and mood. C) control heart rate and blood pressure. D) regulate a person's level of consciousness.
B) influence emotions and mood.
The majority of the body's total body water is contained within the: A) extracellular space. B) intracellular space. C) intravascular fluid. D) interstitial fluid.
B) intracellular space.
A patient with a left-hemispheric stroke would be expected to have: A) contralateral facial drooping. B) ipsilateral facial drooping. C) ipsilateral extremity weakness. D) contralateral pupillary changes.
B) ipsilateral facial drooping.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a major female hormone that: A) thickens the endometrium in preparation for implantation of an egg. B) is manufactured by the developing embryo to sustain the pregnancy. C) is produced by the corpus luteum in preparation for pregnancy. D) regulates the release of estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries.
B) is manufactured by the developing embryo to sustain the pregnancy.
Tidal volume is defined as the volume of air that: A) remains in the lungs following maximum exhalation. B) is moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath. C) is moved in and out of the lungs with maximal expiration. D) is exhaled from the lungs following a forceful exhalation.
B) is moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath.
Insulin and glucagon are produced in specialized groups of cells in the pancreas known as the: A) adrenal islets. B) islets of Langerhans. C) medullary cortex. D) adrenal medulla.
B) islets of Langerhans.
The two major veins that drain the head and neck of blood are the: A) vertebral veins. B) jugular veins. C) cerebral veins. D) cephalic veins.
B) jugular veins.
The left main coronary artery rapidly divides into the: A) posterior descending and left ventricular arteries. B) left anterior descending and circumflex arteries. C) left posterior descending and acute marginal arteries. D) circumflex and right anterior descending arteries.
B) left anterior descending and circumflex arteries.
Detoxification of toxic substances, production of bile, and production of certain clotting factors are all functions of the: A) pancreas. B) liver. C) kidney. D) gallbladder.
B) liver.
The topographic term used to describe the location of body parts that are closer to the midline is: A) lateral. B) medial. C) midaxillary. D) midclavicular.
B) medial.
The process in which malignant cells travel to other organs or tissue and establish secondary tumors is called: A) dysplasia. B) metastasis. C) hemostasis. D) cancer in situ.
B) metastasis.
The middle muscular layer of the heart is called the: A) pericardium. B) myocardium. C) epicardium. D) endocardium.
B) myocardium.
The basic structure of nervous tissue that responds to environmental changes by transmitting impulses is the: A) axon. B) neuron. C) dendrite. D) neuroglia.
B) neuron.
During your assessment of a patient, you note that he is bradycardic, hypotensive, and salivating. These clinical findings suggest: A) sympathetic nervous system stimulation. B) parasympathetic nervous system stimulation. C) sympathetic nervous system depression. D) parasympathetic nervous system depression.
B) parasympathetic nervous system stimulation.
All of the following are facial bones, EXCEPT the: A) maxilla. B) parietal. C) palatine. D) lacrimal.
B) parietal.
As blood enters the lungs, it enters the alveoli by passing across the: A) pulmonary arteriole. B) pulmonary capillary. C) pulmonary venule. D) pulmonary artery.
B) pulmonary capillary.
During an acidotic state, the kidneys attempt to maintain a normal pH by: A) excreting bicarbonate. B) retaining bicarbonate. C) retaining hydrogen ions. D) secreting hydrogen ions.
B) retaining bicarbonate.
All of the following are voluntary muscles, EXCEPT: A) skeletal muscle. B) smooth muscle. C) striated muscle. D) somatic muscle.
B) smooth muscle.
The hormones tetraiodothyronine and triiodothyronine are synthesized by the: A) adrenal glands. B) thyroid gland. C) pituitary gland. D) parathyroid glands.
B) thyroid gland.
The shoulders and hips are examples of __________ joints. A) biaxial B) triaxial C) monoaxial D) diarthrotic
B) triaxial
Cerebrospinal fluid is manufactured in the: A) subarachnoid space. B) ventricles of the brain. C) posterior pituitary gland. D) anterior pituitary gland.
B) ventricles of the brain.
Closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves occur during: A) ventricular relaxation. B) ventricular contraction. C) the diastolic phase. D) atrial contraction.
B) ventricular contraction.
The most common solvent in the body, in which solutes or other substances will dissolve, is: A) blood. B) water. C) plasma. D) bile.
B) water.
A bruit differs from a murmur in that a bruit: A) represents widespread arteriosclerosis. B) is a benign physiologic abnormality. C) is auscultated over a main blood vessel. D) indicates turbulent blood flow in the heart.
C) is auscultated over a main blood vessel.
Dysfunction of the mitral valve may cause backflow of blood into the: A) right ventricle. B) right atrium. C) left atrium. D) left ventricle.
C) left atrium.
If too much water enters a cell during osmosis, it will burst. This process is called: A) diffusion. B) crenation. C) lysis. D) viscosity.
C) lysis.
The reticular activating system is located in the __________ and regulates: A) occipital lobe, sight. B) brainstem, breathing. C) midbrain, consciousness. D) cerebellum, motor function.
C) midbrain, consciousness.
Phagocytosis is the process by which: A) phagocytes are produced. B) phagocytes are destroyed. C) monocytes digest microbes. D) microbes destroy monocytes.
C) monocytes digest microbes.
Normal inhalation is the result of: A) diaphragmatic relaxation. B) air passively entering the lungs. C) negative pressure in the thoracic cavity. D) positive pressure in the thoracic cavity.
C) negative pressure in the thoracic cavity.
Cardiac muscle comprises the heart. This muscle is: A) smooth and involuntary. B) smooth and voluntary. C) nonstriated and involuntary. D) striated and voluntary.
C) nonstriated and involuntary.
A projection of the second cervical vertebra (C2) that fits into the vertebral foramen of the first cervical vertebra (C1) is called the: A) vertebra prominens. B) foramen magnum. C) odontoid process. D) spinous process.
C) odontoid process.
The layer of tissue that lines the inside of the chest cavity is called the: A) visceral pleura. B) pulmonary pleura. C) parietal pleura. D) thoracic pleura.
C) parietal pleura.
With regard to the heart, ejection fraction is defined as the: A) volume of blood that enters the lungs. B) volume of blood ejected from both atria. C) percentage of blood ejected from the heart. D) percentage of blood returned to the heart.
C) percentage of blood ejected from the heart.
Decreased levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) result in: A) oliguria and dehydration. B) anuria and diabetes mellitus. C) polyuria and diabetes insipidus. D) increased fluid retention.
C) polyuria and diabetes insipidus.
Relative to the wrist, the elbow is: A) anterior. B) posterior. C) proximal. D) distal.
C) proximal.
The olfactory nerve (CN I) is responsible for: A) vision. B) sight. C) smell. D) hearing.
C) smell.
The term inotropy refers to the: A) rate of cardiac contraction. B) control of electrical conduction. C) strength of myocardial contraction. D) degree of ventricular irritability.
C) strength of myocardial contraction.
All of the following are endocrine glands, EXCEPT the: A) adrenal glands. B) thymus gland. C) sweat glands. D) pituitary gland.
C) sweat glands.
The subclavian artery gives rise to the: A) popliteal arteries. B) femoral arteries. C) vertebral arteries. D) carotid arteries.
C) vertebral arteries.
What is the cardiac output of a person with a stroke volume of 60 mL and a heart rate of 90 beats/min? A) 2.1 L B) 4.2 L C) 5.0 L D) 5.4 L
D) 5.4 L
What happens when the PaCO2 of the arterial blood increases? A) pH increases and respirations increase B) pH decreases and respirations decrease C) pH increases and respirations decrease D) pH decreases and respirations increase
D) pH decreases and respirations increase
The study of the body functions in a diseased state is called: A) anatomy. B) physiology. C) pathogenesis. D) pathophysiology.
D) pathophysiology.
Stimulation of alpha receptors of the sympathetic nervous system results in: A) tachycardia. B) bronchodilation. C) peripheral vasodilation. D) peripheral vasoconstriction.
D) peripheral vasoconstriction.
The most important nerve of the cervical plexus, which innervates the diaphragm, is the: A) vagus nerve. B) trochlear nerve. C) abducens nerve. D) phrenic nerve.
D) phrenic nerve.
When asking a patient to supinate his or her hand, you would expect him or her to: A) turn the hand on its side. B) bend the hand at the wrist. C) place the hand palm down. D) place the hand palm up.
D) place the hand palm up.
Compared to the frontal region of the skull, the occiput is: A) anterior. B) exterior. C) inferior. D) posterior.
D) posterior.
The semilunar valves of the heart function by: A) preventing backflow of blood into the atria. B) minimizing the forward flow of blood. C) attaching to the papillary muscles. D) preventing backflow of blood into the ventricles.
D) preventing backflow of blood into the ventricles.
Cardiac output is equal to: A) systole minus diastole. B) blood pressure multiplied by heart rate. C) heart rate minus systolic blood pressure. D) stroke volume multiplied by heart rate.
D) stroke volume multiplied by heart rate.
In addition to facilitating the uptake of sugar into the cells, insulin is responsible for: A) the chemical conversion of glycogen to glucose. B) stimulating the liver and kidneys to produce glucose. C) the production of amino acids and carbohydrates. D) the chemical conversion of glucose to glycogen.
D) the chemical conversion of glucose to glycogen.
Blood enters the right atrium of the heart from the: A) vena cava and aorta. B) aorta and coronary sinus. C) pulmonary vein and aorta. D) vena cavae and coronary sinus.
D) vena cavae and coronary sinus.
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is called: A) respiration. B) oxygenation. C) tidal volume. D) ventilation.
D) ventilation.
The gap that lies between each neuron is called the: A) cleft. B) synapse. C) terminal. D) vesicle.
D) vesicle.
