chapter 7 test

Which of the following is the closest to the frequency of the MC1R D allele in the Tule Mountain population?

.03

In addition to the ABO blood groups, humans have an MN blood type system in which the M and N alleles are codominant to one another. A group of scientists found that in one population the frequency of the M allele was 0.82, and the frequency of the N allele was 0.18. Assuming that the population is in Hardy‑Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following is the expected frequency of individuals with the genotype MN?MN? .672

.295

Owls (primary predators of rock pocket mice) are nocturnal visual predators that are able to distinguish effectively between dark and light colors in low-light conditions. Which of the following best explains the relationship between coat color and predation rate in the rock pocket mouse population on the lava flow rocks with respect to the different coat color phenotypes?

A dark coat color provides camouflage to mice on the lava flow rocks; therefore, mice with dark coats have a lower predation rate in that habitat.

Catalase is a protein enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water and oxygen gas in the cells of many living organisms. Students used an online database, which used the structure of catalase from different species, to generate the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 1.

Cattle and sheep are separated by only one node, and they are separated from the other organisms by more than one node.

Figure 1 shows some major structural changes between a typical prokaryotic cell, the first eukaryotic common ancestor, and the last eukaryotic common ancestor. Figure 1. Models of a prokaryote, first eukaryotic common ancestor, and last eukaryotic common ancestor. Based on the information provided in the figure, which of the following best describes how membrane-bound organelles provided unique evolutionary advantages to the last eukaryotic common ancestor?

Cells with mitochondria were able to utilize metabolic energy more efficiently.

Of the following, which is the best next step for the researchers to best determine the long-term effectiveness of these insecticides with regards to the development of resistance?

Continue treating the three insect populations with the same insecticides and determine whether their efficiencies decline significantly after several generations.

Henslow's sparrow is a songbird found in North American grasslands. The logging industry created vast meadow habitats for the sparrow in the late 1800s. Henslow's sparrow populations came to a peak in the mid‑1900s. A recent survey of ten Midwest counties are shown in Figure 1. Human activities can drive changes in ecosystems that affect the risk of extinction. An experiment is designed to help prevent the further decline and extinction of the Henslow's sparrow in which controlled burns will be set in the each of the ten Midwest counties in order to prevent the regrowth of the forest. Which of the following represents an alternate hypothesis tested by this experiment with regard to the population sizes of Henslow's sparrows

Controlled fires in counties 4 and 5 will lead to an increase in the sparrow population.

Which of the following best describes the processes occurring between the mouse populations and their environments?

Dark color is selected for in mice from the West, Mid, and East populations.

Geologic events such as mountain building can directly affect biodiversity. The Sino‑Himalayan fern, Lepisorus clathratus is widely distributed on the Qinghai‑Tibetan plateau. If geologic events lead to a series of new mountain ranges that divide the plateau into several discrete valleys, which of the following best describes how the L. clathratus population would be affected?

Geographic isolation will create separate gene pools, leading to speciation over time.

In addition to the ABO blood groups, humans have an MN blood type system in which the M and N alleles are codominant to one another. These alleles code for glycoproteins that act as antigens on the red blood cells. Scientists determined the frequencies of the M and N alleles in five localized and stable human populations in the Philippines (Figure 1).

Immigration of individuals from Metro Manila into the two populations.

There are two species of elephant seals: northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris, found off the western coast of North America from Baja California to the Gulf of Alaska, and southern elephant seals, M. leonina, found in the southern oceans. Hunting in the nineteenth century has been blamed for a drastic reduction in the northern elephant seal population. Even though the population has rebounded following restrictions on seal hunting, genetic variation is greatly reduced in the northern species compared to that in the southern species.

Large population size

Students created a model showing one possible mechanism for speciation in which a geographic barrier separated one large population into two smaller populations, A and B. Over time, populations A and B developed into two distinct species. The model is shown in Figure 1.

Natural selection acted on variation that was present in both populations A and B, and the lack of gene flow eventually led to the formation of two new species.

Scientific evidence has revealed five mass extinctions in the history of life on Earth. Some scientists propose that due to human activity and climate change, a sixth mass extinction has already begun. Select the best alternate hypothesis to support this claim.

Observed modern extinction rates will resemble the rates found early in previous extinctions.

Table 1 summarizes selected characteristics of organisms from each of the three domains of life. Which of the following sets of data provides evidence that best supports common ancestry for organisms in all three domains?

Organisms in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya each have adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine bases forming their DNA.

In a particular region, a species of lizard lives in the lowlands. Even though there are numerous mountains in the region, the climate on the mountains is too cold for the lizards to survive. Scientists are concerned that the lowlands will become much warmer by the end of the twenty-first century and will become unsuitable for this lowland lizard species. Which of the following best predicts the impact on the lizard species if there is a gradual increase in the average temperatures found in both the lowlands and mountains in this region?

Some lizards will migrate to new habitats in the mountains and become isolated, leading to allopatric speciation.

A group of researchers claim that chance events play an important role in the evolution of populations. To test their claim, they monitored 12 populations of E. coli for 10,000 generations under the same environmental conditions. They found that although all 12 populations were exposed to the same environmental pressures, each population had differentiated from one another genetically after 10,000 generations. Which of the following statements includes a reasonable refinement that researchers could use in repeating the experiment?

Start each population with genetically identical bacterial cells from a single culture to make sure that the initial genetic variation in all of the populations was exactly the same.

Based on the data in Table 1, which of the following best describes the relationship between MC1R gene and coat color in the Carrizozo, New Mexico, rock pocket mouse population?

The MC1R D allele is not responsible for dark coat color in the Carrizozo population, so the dark coat color is likely a result of convergent evolution.

The distribution of four populations of giant kangaroo rats, Dipodomys ingens, living on the same island when it was first surveyed in 1789 are shown in Figure 1

The animals in population A were reproductively isolated from those in populations B, C, and D.

The researchers built an enclosure to prevent migration into and out of the O'Neill rock pocket mouse population for a period of two years. Which of the following best predicts the effect of the enclosure on the O'Neill population?

The frequency of the MC1R D allele will decline due to natural selection.

A scientist is studying the impact of mutagens on genetic variation in mice. In an experiment, the scientist creates two groups of twenty highly inbred mice. Because the mice are highly inbred, they are essentially identical to one another. One group is given food with an added substance that is known to be a mutagen. The second group is fed the same food without the mutagen. After several generations, both groups of mice are given a new type of food that is harder to digest than the previous food. After rearing five additional generations of the mice on this new food, the two groups are assessed for how efficiently this new food is digested. Which of the following is the most reasonable prediction about the results of the experiment?

The group of mice fed the mutagen will show a greater ability to digest the food, because the higher genetic variation within the group makes it more likely that some individuals will have a combination of genes better adapted to the new food.

A famous study from the nineteenth century involves the peppered moth, Biston betularia, commonly found in Great Britain and Ireland. At that time, the moths, normally white with black speckles, known as the peppered variety, became less common than the solid black variety. The population was predominantly black throughout the nineteenth century. By the end of the twentieth century, the peppered version of the moth was again more common than the black version. Which of the following best explains the phenotypic pattern in the moths over time?

The increased air pollution of the nineteenth century due to the use of coal led to a darkening of surfaces from soot. The darker backgrounds conferred a selective advantage to the black variety, as described by natural selection. A shift to less polluting fuel in the twentieth led to cleaner air and a lightening of the moth's normal habitat.

A group of birds is found in an island chain that have all descended from a single ancestral species. Figure 1 shows the phylogeny of the birds. Which of the following best explains the divergence in morphology in the birds?

The original habitat had many available unoccupied ecological niches that were colonized by populations of the original species.

The researchers determined that the East lava flow population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Which of the following best explains why the population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

The presence of MC1R D alleles in the East lava flow population is an indication of gene flow from mice populations living on light granite rocks.

A scientist maintains a large population of the fruit fly Drosophila affinis in the laboratory. After 20 generations of allowing this population of about 1000 flies to mate randomly, 10 females and 10 males were isolated from the rest of the population. Both the larger population and the isolated population were maintained under identical conditions and allowed to mate randomly for another 20 generations. After the 20 generations, DNA sequencing was used to determine the genetic composition of each population. Which of the following predicts the expected outcome of the experiment?

The two populations will show significant genetic differences because the founder effect will result in significant losses in diversity in the smaller population