Chapter 7 Test Ready

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

By the person whose memory will be tested

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.

Remote

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a. Encoding b. Retrograde c. Retrieval d. Processing

Retrieval

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

The type of encoding and type of retrieval match

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? a. Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up. b. Trevor is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology. c. For his history course, Bruce is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered. d. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day.

a. Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? a. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing. b. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events. c. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. d. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.

a. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM? a. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years. b. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. c. Lilia recalls her grandmother's house where she grew up, even though she hasn't been there for 22 years. d. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore.

a. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

____ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years. a. Systems b. Remote c. Standard d. Synaptic

a. Systems

Some suggest that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by a. the encoding specificity principle. b. levels of processing. c. the spacing effect. d. the distributed practice effect.

a. the encoding specificity principle.

When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album. As she flips through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears. Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her a. amygdala. b. medial temporal lobe. c. thalamus. d. prefrontal cortex.

a. amygdala

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on a. reconsolidation. b. levels of processing. c. transfer-appropriate processing. d. depth of processing.

a. reconsolidation

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set. a. relaxed b. nervous c. excited d. neutral

a. relaxed

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____. a. semantically; visually b. auditorially; auditorially c. auditorially; semantically d. semantically; auditorially

b. auditorially; auditorially

From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in a. working memory. b. long-term memory acquisition. c. long-term memory storage. d. procedural memory.

b. long-term memory acquisition.

In the famous obedience research conducted by Stanley Milgram, a participant was instructed to read a list of word pairs (e.g., "nice day," "blue dress," "fat neck") to another person. The participant would then read the list again but would only provide the first word. The other individual was to recall the word that went with this cueing word. This is an example of a. the consolidation-reconsolidation effect. b. paired-associate learning. c. maintenance rehearsal. d. mood-congruent memory.

b. paired-associate learning

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? a. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances. b. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances. c. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. d. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative.

c. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance

Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00 - 11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Inez will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? a. Inez will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect. b. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period. c. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect. d. Katie and Inez should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis).

c. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with a. changes in specialized areas of the brain. b. changes at the synapse. c. both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation. d. long-term potentiation.

c. both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories. a. recent and remote semantic b. recent episodic c. remote semantic d. recent and remote episodic

d. recent and remote episodic

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on a. semantic memory. b. a mass practice effect. c. the integrative experience effect. d. the self-reference effect.

d. the self-reference effect

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

encoding

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as

encoding specificity

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

increased firing in the neurons

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory.

organization

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.