Chapter 7/9/10

What percentage of the world's known plant species have been examined for medicinal properties? - 0.5% - 5% - 10% - 33% - 25%

0.5%

Biodiversity experts estimate that during this century, the extinction rate due to human activities will rise to ____ times the background extinction rate. - 3 - 100 - 10 - 10,000 - 20

10,000

Burning tropical forests accounts for how much of the human-created greenhouse gas emissions? - 11% - 27% - 6% - 17%

17

Tropical rain forests cover about ____ of the earth's surface, but contain at least ____ of the known terrestrial plant and animal species. - 30%; 30% - 10%; 50% - 50%; 50% - 2%; 50% - 2%; 20%

2%; 50%

Forests, both natural and planted, occupy how much of the earth's land surface, other than Greenland and Antarctica? - 24% - 16% - 40% - 31% - 5%

31%

In the United States, about ____% of the forests are protected. - 10 - 30 - 20 - 40 - 50

40

Over the past 8,000 years, human activities have reduced the earth's original forest cover by about ____% , with most of that coming in the last 60 years. - 32 - 58 - 64 - 47 - 76

47

About ____ of the wood harvested globally each year is burned directly for fuel or converted to charcoal fuel. - 50% - 25% - 10% - 75% - 90%

50%

What percentage of the world's 10,000 bird species is declining in number? - 70% - 50% - 25% - 33% - 95%

70%

Tropical Deforestation is caused by - Clearing for fuel-wood and charcoal - Clearing for large soybean and oil plantations - Slash and burn for subsistence agriculture and cattle ranching - Logging - All of the these

All of the these

This ecosystem is characterized by long, hot summers and moderate, moist winters. It supports many small mammals, and most vegetation germinates after a period exposed to fire. It is mostly found along coastal areas such as the pacific coast of North American, southern Texas and Mexico, and the coastal hills of Chile and the Mediterranean. - Chaparral - Desert - Tundra - Grassland

Chaparral

Terrestrial regions characterized by similar climate, soil, and organisms regardless of where they are found on the Earth are known as: - Ecological footprints - Ecosystems - Communities - Continents

Communities

Most conservation biologists argue that the best way to preserve biodiversity is - Establish riparian zones along all primary waterways - Create a world-wide network of protected areas that consist of a representative 20% or more of the earth's land area - Reduce deforestation in the tropical rainforests through debt-for-nature swaps - List 50% of the global species on the Endangered Species List - Create more comprehensive breeding programs at zoos

Create a world-wide network of protected areas that consist of a representative 20% or more of the earth's land area

The level of environmental degradation and destruction of terrestrial systems has leveled off. - True - False

F

Deciduous forests are typically located at higher altitudes than coniferous forests. - True - False

False

Biologists believe the Endangered Species Act has been successful, but critics say it is a failure. Which argument below supports the critics? - Federal regulators have been heavy handed in enforcing the act. - The budget for protecting endangered species amounted to 9 cents per U.S. citizen. - Species are only listed when critically endangered; therefore, many will be lost. - The ESA has not been in existence long enough for endangered species to recover. - More than one-half of listed species are stable or improving, and 99% are still alive.

Federal regulators have been heavy handed in enforcing the act.

Old-growth forest is defined as - A forest which is inhabited by indigenous people - Forests which have never been cut or touched by humans - Forests which have reached climax community and is relatively undisturbed - Forest in which all the trees are over 200 years old

Forests which have reached climax community and is relatively undisturbed

Small patches of habitat surrounded by areas of unsuitable habitat are known as - Biomes - Biodiversity Hot spots - Ecological easements - Habitat Islands - Endangered Islands

Habitat Islands

With only 2% of its forests remaining, which of the following countries has gone from tropical paradise to ecological disaster? - Cuba - Haiti - Virgin Islands - Jamaica - Bermuda

Haiti

An area's climate is determined by what main environmental factors? 1. Average temperature 2. Average humidity 3. Average precipitation - I, II, and III - I and III only - I and II only - I only - II and III only

I and III only

Ecosystem services performed by forest include 1. Carbon sequestration 2. Aid in aquifer recharge 3. Provide wildlife habitat - I, II and III - I only - III only - I and III - II only

I, II and III

What is the best explanation for why tropical regions normally receive more precipitation than other areas of the globe? - Convectional cells bring more rain. - The prevailing winds bring more rain. - Increased heating increases local evaporation. - Warm ocean currents bring more precipitation. - Tropical regions are surrounded by oceans.

Increased heating increases local evaporation.

Which of the following statements about kudzu is false? - It can be controlled by normal weed control measures. - It provides a starch used in beverages and gourmet confections. - It provides herbal remedies for several diseases. - It is a source of fiber for paper that could replace use of trees. - Almost every part of the plant is edible.

It can be controlled by normal weed control measures.

Many biologists and wildlife conservationists believe that the best way to keep from hastening the extinction of wild species through human activities is to protect threatened habitats and ecosystem services. This is referred to as ____. - ecosystem rehabilitation - the wilderness approach - biodiversity consideration - environmental conservation - the ecosystem approach

NOT: ecosystem rehabilitation

Which statement about the introduction of non-native species is false? - Non-native trees are grown in 85% of the world's tree plantations. - This is the second largest threat to animal and plant ecosystems. - Non-native species provide no benefits in their new habitats. - Introduced species do not have natural predators in their new ecosystem. - Invasive species rarely cause global extinctions of other species.

Non-native species provide no benefits in their new habitats.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an endangered species: - R- Strategists - High on the Trophic Level - Specialized niches - Rare - Narrow Distribution

R- Strategists

Ecologists and forest fire experts recommend several strategies for reducing fire-related harm to forests and people. What is one of those strategies? - Encourage growth of young trees and underbrush. - Set crown fires in highest-risk forest areas. - Thin a zone of 150 meters around houses and buildings in fire prone areas. - Prevent all fires on public lands. - Set small, contained surface fires in highest-risk forest areas.

Set small, contained surface fires in highest-risk forest areas.

In 1995-1996, gray wolves were re-introduced to Yellowstone National Park. Since then, which of the following has occurred? - Beaver dams have disappeared from the streams. - Elk have increasingly trampled regrowth of aspen, cottonwoods, and willow trees. - Coyote populations have decreased the number of small mammals. - Scavengers are not able to find food. - Shade trees growing along streams have encouraged larger trout populations.

Shade trees growing along streams have encouraged larger trout populations.

Which of the following is one of the major factors that influences global air circulation as described in the textbook? - The location of mountain ranges - The rotation of the earth on its axis - The shape of continents - The lunar cycle - ENSO

The rotation of the earth on its axis

Seasons on earth are primarily caused by - The distance between the Earth and the Sun during a particular season - Earth's longitude - The amount of cloud cover over a particular region of the earth - The tilt of the Earth's axis as it revolves around the Sun - Ocean temperatures

The tilt of the Earth's axis as it revolves around the Sun

Which of the following is true of surface fires? - They kill all vegetation and wildlife in their path. - They increase the chance of crown fires. - They free mineral nutrients that are locked up in vegetation and litter. - They destroy mineral nutrients that are locked up in vegetation. - They prevent the germination of trees species like jack pine and the giant sequoia.

They free mineral nutrients that are locked up in vegetation and litter.

After a mass extinction, what happens to biodiversity rates? - They recover over thousands of years. - They stabilize at a "new normal." - They never recover. - They quickly recover. - They recover over millions of years.

They recover over millions of years.

This biome is warm and wet, with little seasonal variation in temperature and frequent precipitation. - Tropical Rainforest - Savanna - Desert - Boreal Forest

Tropical Rainforest

What is not considered a major problem for U.S. public parks today? - agricultural runoff - killing of native species - polluted air - deferred repairs of infrastructure - introduction of nonnative species

agricultural runoff

The rate at which extinctions occurred prior to the evolution of modern humans is called the ____. - E.O. Wilson postulate - background extinction rate - baseline extinction rate - species diversity index - living planet index

background extinction rate

Large regions characterized by a certain climate and dominant plant life are called ____. - communities - ecosystems - populations - biomes - habitats

biomes

Trees of the tropical rainforest are characterized by leaves that are ____. - needlelike and fall seasonally - needlelike and evergreen - broadleaf and fall seasonally - broadleaf and evergreen - needlelike

broadleaf and evergreen

Tropical forests in the Amazon basin and other South American countries are primarily being cleared or burned for ____. - firewood and small-scale farming - biodiesel fuel for motor vehicles - coffee and spice plantations - cattle grazing and soybean and palm oil plantations

cattle grazing and soybean and palm oil plantations

Biomes are characterized by certain types of ____. - light and temperature - light and climate - dominant plant life and temperature - climate and dominant plant life - climate and light

climate and dominant plant life

In the northern hemisphere, the earth's major ocean currents tend to circulate ____. - east to west - south to north - north to south - counterclockwise - clockwise

clockwise

One preservation strategy for the remaining grasslands in the Southwestern U.S. involves land trust groups that pay ranchers for ____, which are deed restrictions that bar future owners from developing the land. - preservation laws - wilderness incentives - wilderness provisions - conservation incentives - conservation easements

conservation easements

The temporary or permanent removal of large expanses of forest for agriculture, or other uses, is called ____. - selective cutting - deforestation - reforestation - strip cutting - sustainable harvesting

deforestation

In terms of habitat destruction, the greatest eliminator of species is the ____. - destruction of coral reefs - destruction of wetlands - plowing of grasslands - deforestation in tropical areas - pollution of streams, lakes, and oceans

deforestation in tropical areas

Which of the following is a disadvantage of clear-cutting? - increases surface fires - cannot reforest with fast-growing trees - low profits in the short-term - low timber yield - destroys and fragments wildlife habitats

destroys and fragments wildlife habitats

What term refers to the process of repairing damage caused by humans to the biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by ecosystems? - ecological preservation - ecological conservation - ecological rehabilitation - ecological restoration - ecological reconciliation

ecological restoration

Ecologists warn that human population growth, economic development, and poverty are exerting increasing pressure on the earth's ecosystems and on the ____ it provides. - technological growth - scientific research - cultural incentives - ecosystem services - abundant lifestyle

ecosystem services

Protected areas linking isolated reserves is a design called ____. - buffer zone concept - habitat corridors - reserve concept - transition zones - wilderness concept

habitat corridors

According to researchers, the greatest threat to wild species is ____. - invasive species - habitat destruction - pollution - climate change - population and resource use growth

habitat destruction

The biggest problem with invasive species is that in the new location, they ____. - are always bigger than native species - are always stronger than native species - have no population controls such as predators - have higher reproductive rates than native species - evolve more quickly than native species

have no population controls such as predators

Major human impacts on terrestrial ecosystems are least likely to include ____. - an increase in conversion from forest to cropland - higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere - increased global biodiversity - damage by off-road vehicles - depletion of groundwater

increased global biodiversity

Overgrazing occurs when too many animals graze for too long and exceed the carrying capacity of a rangeland area. Overgrazing causes all of the following except ____. - exposure of the soil to wind erosion - more invasion by inedible plant species - reduced grass cover - compacted soil - increased retention of water

increased retention of water

Population declines among birds, especially long-distance migrant birds, have several primary causes. Which of the following is not one of these? - climate change - introduction of nonnative species - intentional poisoning of food supplies - habitat loss and fragmentation - collisions with power lines, towers, and skyscrapers

intentional poisoning of food supplies

Hemp requires fewer pesticides and yield more pulp per hectare. What other source of pulp provides this benefit? - wood - rice straw - kenaf - agricultural residues - animal fats

kenaf

What species was intentionally introduced into the United States? - gypsy moth - brown tree snake - zebra mussel - common pigeon - kudzu

kudzu

Most conservation biologists believe the most important reasons for protecting wilderness and other areas from exploitation and degradation involve the ____. - recreational opportunities for humans - immediate needs of all species - economic benefits to large populations - long-term needs of all species - immediate needs of endangered species

long-term needs of all species

Which of the following would not be true of a tropical rain forest? - high biodiversity - low net primary productivity - low levels of ground level sunlight - little ground level vegetation - high humidity

low net primary productivity

The extinction of many species in a relatively short period of geologic time is called ____. - tertiary extinction - background extinction rate - mass extinction - biological extinction - secondary extinction

mass extinction

An endangered species ____. - may be considered economically important but rare - is one that is evolving into another species - may soon become extinct over all or most of its range - is one that may become rare in the next 100 years - may eventually become threatened or rare

may soon become extinct over all or most of its range

Bees use ____ to make ____. - honey; nectar - pollen; nectar - pollen; honey - nectar; honey - honey; pollen

nectar; honey

Illegal hunting for profit is called ____. - sport hunting - commercial hunting - poaching - subsistence hunting - pilfering

poaching

The key role of a honeybee is to ____ plants and flowers. - preserve - pollinate - populate - produce - protect

pollinate

What is probably the biggest problem for U.S. national parks today? - rock collectors - environmentalists - regulations - soil erosion - popularity

popularity

Widespread human-influenced fires in tropical forests, such as the Amazon Rainforest, change weather patterns by raising temperatures and reducing rainfall resulting in droughts, which in turn makes forests more likely to bum. This is an example of a ____. - runaway fire cycle - closed circuit loop - natural fire cycle - positive feedback loop - negative feedback loop

positive feedback loop

We know that the introduction of nonnative species often results in unforeseen consequences. This indicates that when introducing nonnative species, we would be well advised to apply the ____. - natural order concept - cautionary concept - precautionary principle - law of action and reaction - Occam's razor

precautionary principle

The best way to limit the impact of invasive species is to ____. - import and release their natural predators - use pesticides to reduce their numbers - prevent them from being introduced in the first place - alter their genes so they all die - hire lots of people and destroy them

prevent them from being introduced in the first place

Which invasive species threatens the Florida Everglades? - zebra mussels - sea lampreys - pythons - nutrias - kudzu

pythons

In a tropical rain forest, dropped leaves, fallen trees, and dead animals decompose ____. - moderately and nutrients are taken up by the roots of the lianas - slowly due to the nutrient-poor soils - quickly due to the dense ground vegetation - slowly due to the abundant rainfall - quickly due to the abundance of decomposers

quickly due to the abundance of decomposers

Michael Rosenzweig suggests we need to learn how to share with other species the spaces we dominate. He calls this new form of conservation biology ____. - refurbishment biology - formation building - reconciliation ecology - rehabilitation ecology - community building

reconciliation ecology

Removing intermediate-aged or mature trees from a forest is known as ____. - selective cutting - partial cutting - strip-cutting - clear-cutting - intermediate cutting

selective cutting

Which is an effective strategy adopted by desert plants for survival? - having thin, flimsy large leaves - storing water in expandable tissues - opening pores during the day - enjoying a long growing season - storing toxins in stems

storing water in expandable tissues

Which of the following does alpine tundra receive in larger amounts than Arctic tundra? - sunlight - wind - snow - rain - ice

sunlight

Suppose you are walking through a forest dense with oak and hickory trees, and with a thick litter layer underfoot. What type of forest are you most likely to be in? - tropical rain forest - temperate deciduous forest - coniferous forest - tropical savanna - temperate rain forest

temperate deciduous forest

Which type of desert would have high daytime temperatures in summer, low temperatures in winter, and moderate precipitation? - temperate deserts - tropical deserts - cold deserts

temperate deserts

Which of the following would be described as having ample rainfall or moisture from fog, with large conifers such as Sitka spruce and Douglas fir? - tropical rainforest - chaparral - taiga - temperate rain forest - temperate deciduous forest

temperate rain forest

The most far-reaching and controversial environmental law ever adopted requiring the identification of endangered and threatened species is ____. - the Endangered Species Act - the National Fish and Wildlife Law - HIPPCO - CITES - the Convention of Biological Diversity Treaty

the Endangered Species Act

Where does the largest input of solar energy occur? - at 30° N - the North pole - at 30° S - the South pole - the equator

the equator

The deserts of Death Valley formed as a result of ____. - persistent pressure systems - the rain shadow effect - ocean circulation - the greenhouse effect - increased solar radiation

the rain shadow effect

CITES is a(n) ____. - regulations controlling the introduction of exotic species - treaty controlling the international trade in endangered species - policing agency for the protection of threatened species - pact that supports critical ecosystems that support wildlife - international organization dedicated to the preservation of endangered species

treaty controlling the international trade in endangered species

Treeless, bitterly cold most of the year, long and dark winters, low-growing plants, and permafrost are characteristics of which of the following? - tall-grass prairie - tundra - savanna - short-grass prairie - temperate grassland

tundra

Which of the following is a method of grassland restoration? - removal of salt blocks for cattle - eliminating herbicide use allowing all plants to grow - removal of riparian areas and water holes from grasslands - use of portable fencing to confine cattle to ungrazed areas - removal of native grasses to reduce growth

use of portable fencing to confine cattle to ungrazed areas

Surface fires ____. - spread rapidly and can destroy most vegetation - increase topsoil erosion - usually burn only undergrowth and leaf litter on the forest floor - usually burn whole trees from the base up - kill large numbers of wildlife

usually burn only undergrowth and leaf litter on the forest floor