Chapter 8-15 Bontrager Self Tests
more obliquity for smaller patients
Does an asthenic patient require a little more or a little less obliquity than a hypersthenic patient in the RAO position of the sternum?
pancreatic duct
Duct of Wirsung
Situation: a patient who was involved in a motor vehicle accident 3 days ago is experiencing severe neck pain and comes into the radiology department for cervical spine series. The patient is not wearing a cervical collar. Should the tech take a horizontal beam lateral projection and have it cleared before proceeding with the study?
yes in case of fracture?
up to 74 kV or 5 mAs
following a postreduction of a fx tib-fib a postreduction study is ordered. a fiberglass cast was placed on the fx leg. the original technique was 70 kV at 4 mAs. how much should the tech increase their factors from the original technique
anesthesiologist
for successful surgical radiographic exposures, clear communication must be established among the surgeon, technologist, and:
Dehydration
which of the following conditions may prevent the use of water soluble contrast agents for a geriatric patient
rhythmic segmentation
which of the following digestive movements occur in the small intestine
prolapse of the rectum
which of the following disorders is best diagnosed an evacuative proctogram
barium enema
which of the following imaging modalities/procedures is often performed to diagnose and treat an intussusception
inferior
which of the following is not a recognized lobe of the liver
transverse colon
which of the following structure is intraperitoneal
trachea
which of the following structures does not pass through the diaphragm
hydrolysis
which process leads to a concentration of bile within the gallbladder
RUQ
which quadrant is the liver located in a sthenic patient
SC joints equidistance
which radiographic sign can be evaluated whether rotation is present in a PA SC joint
anorectal angle
which region of the large intestine must be visualized during an evacuative proctogram study
Epiglottis
which structure in the pharynx prevents aspiration of food and fluid into the larynx
chyme
which term describes food after it enters the stomach and is mixed with gastric secretions
head of pancreas and the C-loop of the duodenum
which two structures create the romance of the abdomen
diabetes
which type of health condition may be restrict the use of glucagon during a BE
batter operated, battery driven source
which type of mobile radiography xray unit is self-propelled?
rectal retention enema tip
which type of rectal enema tip is ideal for the pt with a relaxed anal sphincter
anatrast
which type of the following commercial contrast media would be used during an evaluative proctogram
produces compression of the abdomen and separation of the small intestine loops
why is PA rather than AP recumbent position recommended for a small bowel series
a majority of the esophagus is superimposed by the spine
why is the AP projection of the esophagus not a prefered projection for the esophagus series
where is the central ray centered for a AP projection of the sacrum?
2" superior to pubis symphysis, MSP, with 15 degree cephalic angle
Match: 1. Vertebra prominens 2. jugular notch 3. 3-4" below jugular notch 4. gonion 5. sternal angle 6. thyroid cartilage
1. B. C7-T1 2. A. T2-T3 3. C. T7 4. D. C3 5. F. T4-T5 6. E. C4-C6
where is the CR for an AP projection of the lumbar spine with a 30x35 cm/11x14" IR?
1.5" above iliac crest and MSP
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
3 parts of the sternum
pneumothorax, hemothorax, and pulmonary contusion
3 pathologies to consider when rib injury is present that may require a PA and lateral chest x-ray
each sacroiliac joint opens obliquely ______________ degrees posteriorly
30
the angle of the mid-lumbar spine zygapophyseal joints in relation to the midsagittal plane is
30-50 degrees; upper=50, lower = 30
The intervertebral foramina for the cervical spine lie at a _______________ angle to the midsagittal plane.
45 degree angle to MSP
how many segments make up the sacrum in the neonate?
5
what type of CR angulation should be used for the lateral L5-S1 projection if the waist is not supported?
5-8 degree caudal angulation
how much rotation of the spine is required to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joint space between L1-L2?
50 degrees
rhythmic segmentation
A churning or mixing activity present in the small intestine
PA and LAO erect
A patient comes into the ER with a R upper anterior rib injury. a unilateral rib study is ordered. what are the basic projections for the patient.
duodenal papilla
A protrusion into the duodenum
How much and in which direction (caudad or cephalad) should the central ray be angled for each of the following projections? A. An AP axial projection of the cervical spine: ________________ B. An anterior oblique projection of the cervical spine:________________________ C. A posterior oblique projection of the cervical spine_________________
A. 15-20 degrees cephalad B. 15 degrees caudal C. 15 degrees cephalad
List 2 positions or protections that will project the dens in the center of the foramen magnum?
A. Fuch's B. Judd's
what are two distinctive features of all cervical vertebrae that make them different from any other vertebrae?
A. bifid tip B. transverse foramina
In addition to using a long SID, list the two positioning techniques you can use to lower the shoulder to visualize C7-T1 for lateral projection of C-Spines?
A. use 5-10 lb weights B. suspend respiration on full expiration
Which 2 things can be done to minimize the effects of scatter radiation on lateral projections of the thoracic and lumbar spine?
A: close collimation B: lead mat placed posteriorly
diverticulosis
jagged or sawtooth appearance of the intestinal wall
70-80 kv
kV range for analog imaging for ribs below diaphragm
Situation: a patient with a possible Jefferson fracture enters the ER. Which specific radiographic position best demonstrates this type of fracture?
AP "Open Mouth"
Which positions or projection best demonstrates the zygapophyseal joints between C1-C2?
AP "Open Mouth"
Situation: a patient with a clinical history of spondylolisthesis of the L5-S1 region comes to the radiology department. What basic and special projections should be included in this study?
AP, Lateral Lumbar, Lateral spot (L5-S1), Ap Axial Spot (L5-S1)
fourth portion of duodenum
Ascending portion of duodenum
which of the following thoracic vertebrae do not possess a facet for the costotransverse joint?
C. T11 D. T12
midway between xiphoid and lower rib margin
CR for an AP bilateral projection of the posterior ribs below diaphragm
certified surgical technologist
CST is an acronym for
which modalities is recommended for a teardrop burst fracture?
CT
an avulsion fracture of the spinous process of c6-T1 is called a?
Clay shoveler's fracture
dynamic hip screw
DHS is abbreviation for
T/F: a lead blocker mat for lateral positions of the lumbar spine should not be used with digital imaging.
FALSE
T/F: HNP frequently develops at the L2-L3 level?
FALSE: L4-L5
which projection or method is designed to demonstrate the degree of scoliosis deformity between the primary and compensatory curves as apart of a scoliosis study?
Ferguson method
cardiac notch
Found along superior aspect of fundus
third portion of duodenum
Horizontal portion of duodenum
angular notch
Indentation found along lesser curvature
which one of the following projections of the cervical spine demonstrates the left intervertebral foramen?
LAO
Situation: a patient comes into the radiology department for a follow-up study 6 months after having a spinal fusion surgery of the lower cervical spine projections, what additional projections can e taken t assess mobility of the spine?
Lateral Flexion/Extension C-Spine
Situation: a patient comes into the radiology department for a follow-up study for a Clay Shoveler's fracture. Which spine projections will best demonstrate this type of fracture?
Lateral and AP Cervical Spine
Which position or projection of the cervical spine best shows the zygapophyseal joints between C3-C7?
Lateral cervical positioning/projection
production of hormones
NOT a function of the GI system
vallecula
NOT a salivary gland
open reduction with interal fixation
ORIF is abbreviation for
pyloric orifice
Opening leaving the stomach
Which position or projection best demonstrates lower cervical and upper thoracic spine (c4-T3) in a lateral perspective?
Swimmer's Cervicolateral View
False, PA is recommended to decreases exposure to operator and decreased OID
T/F AP with the xray tube placed directly above the anatomy during a c-arm procedure is recommended to minimize OID
False, mobile fluoro
T/F C-arms are most generally stationary fluoro units used in surgery
False, by a factor of 4
T/F a 30 degree tilt of the C-arm from the vertical perspective increases the dose by a factor of 3 to the head and neck region
False
T/F a PA axial oblique (RAO) BE projection is an optional projection to demonstrate the right colic flexure
True
T/F a small balloon retention catheter may be placed within the stoma of the colostomy to deliver contrast media during a BE
False, suspend resp on exp
T/F an orthostatic breathing technique is recommended for studies of the SC joints
True
T/F any trauma study requires at least two projections as close as possible to 90 degrees opposite from each other
False
T/F collimation on trauma cases can lead to cutoff of key anatomy and pathology, therefore it should be limited to the size of the IR
True
T/F digital C-arm units can store images on videotape or computer hard disk memory
True
T/F digital fluoroscopy does not require the use of IR cassettes
Flase, landscape
T/F for hypersthenic type of pt a 14x17 IR placed in portrait orientation and centered correctly generally includes the entire barium filled large intestine on one IR
True
T/F laprascopic cholecystectomy is not suited for every pt and condition
False
T/F natural latex-based gloves are safe to be worn by all technologists
True
T/F on an initial study of a long bone, both joints should be included for each projection
True
T/F scrub covers must be removed before entering the surgical suite
False
T/F scrubs worn in radiology may also be worn in surgery
True
T/F the C-arm fluoro unit can be rotated a min. of 180 degrees
False, sonography
T/F the barium enema is recommended to diagnose acute appendicitis
False, greater on tube side
T/F the exposure dose is greater on the ii side than on the xray tube side with the C-arm in the horizontal configuration
False, greater curvature
T/F the lateral margin of the stomach is called the lesser curvature
True
T/F the number of angioraphies of the aortic arch fro the trauma pt has decline because of the increase use of CT angiograpy
False, in the stomach
T/F the numerous mucosal folds found in the small bowel are called rugae
True
T/F the rectum possesses two anteroposterior curves that have a direct impact on the rectal enema tip insertions
False, in large intestine
T/F the small sacculations found within the jejunum are called haustra
True
T/F the tech can wear nonsterile gloves when handling the IR surgical cover following a procedure
True
T/F the transit time of barium through the small intestine of the pediatric patient is usually less than that required for an adult
True
T/F water soluble contrast agents pass through the Gi tracts faster than barium sulfate
T/F: kV range of 90-100 can be used for a lateral L5-S1 projection when using DR.
TRUE
T/F: the efficiency of CT/MRI of the spine is reducing the number of myelograms being performed
TRUE
T/F: the pelvis must remain as stationary as possible when position for the hyper-extension and hyper-flexion projections.
TRUE
sternal angle
Which part of the sternum do the second ribs articulate?
sprue
____ is a group of intestinal malabsorption diseases involving the inability of absorbing certain proteins and dietary fat
7 degrees
a battery powered, battery operated mobile xray unit can climb a max incline of:
Hypersthenic patient
a high and transverse stomach, duodenal bulb at the vertebral level of T11-T12
Zenker's diverticulum
a large outpouching of the mid-to-upper esophagus
polyp
a new growth extending from the mucosal wall
RAO and Lateral sternum
a patient comes into the radiology department with a clinical history of pectus excavatum. what positioning routine would best demonstrate this condition
recumbent AP and LPO
a patient comes to the ER with a L lower posterior rib injury. the patient is unable to stand. what projections must be taken for this patient
PA and Lateral chest
a patient comes to the ER with multiple rib fractures. the ER physician suspects a flail chest. the patient is unable to stand an move. beyond a rib series what other projections should be taken?
Nuc Med Bone Scan
a patient comes to the radiology department with widespread metastases involving the bony thorax. what other imaging modality demonstrate the extent of this condition
mass of hair in the stomach, UGI study
a patient comes to the radiology dept with a clinical history of a possible trichobezoar. what is a trichobezoar and which procedure will best diagnose is
LPO and horizontal beam lateral
a patient is brought to the ER with multiple injuries because of an MVA. the patient can move but cannot stand or lie prone because of his injuries. a sternum study is ordered what positions should be performed
PA and RAO recumbent expose on insp
a patient with an injury to the L upper anterior ribs comes into the ER. he is unable to stand but can lie on his abdomen. list routine that would be performed and breathing instructions
AP and RPO recumbent suspend resp upon exp
a patient with an injury to the R lower posterior ribs comes into the ER. she is unable to stand. list routine that would be performed and breathing instructions
rule out esophageal varices
a patient with clinical history of cirrhosis of the liver with acute GI bleeding comes to the radiology department. what may be the most likely reason that and esophagogram was ordered for this pt
nuclear medicine
a pt comes to the radiology department with a clinical history of Meckels diverticulum. which imaging modality is most often performed for this condition
wear gloves
a pt comes to the radiology department with a clinical history of giardiasis. she is scheduled for a BE. which of the following precautions must be followed during the procedure
trauma axiolateral projection
a pt enters the ER with a possible radial head dislocation. the arm is immobilized with the elbow flexed at 90 degrees. which of the following projections best demonstrates the radial head free of the superimposition of the ulna without having to extend the elbow
enteroclysis
a pt has a clinical history of regional enteritis. which of the following procedures is most often performed for this condition
R lateral decub will drain excess barium from the descending colon allowing for detection of polyps
a pt is scheduled for a double contrast BE. during the fluoroscopy phase of the study, the radiologist detects possible polyp in the lower descending colon. which specific projection best demonstrates this region of the colon
LPO position
a pt is unable to lie prone on the radiographic table during a BE. which specific projection best demonstrates the right colic flexure
lateral
a pt w a possible compression fx of the lumbar spine enters the ER. which specific projection of the L-spine series would best demonstrate this fx.
L lateral decub
a pt w possible ascites enters the ER. the pt is unable to stand or sit erect. which of the following positions would best demonstrate this condition
AP or PA and lateral wrist
a pt w possible barton fx comes to the radiology dept. which routine would best demonstrate this
15-20 degree mediolateral angle and horizontal beam lateral projection
a pt with a crushing injury to the thorax enters the ER. the pt is on a backboard and cannot be moved. which projections can be performed to determine whether the sternum is fx.
perform an AP axial trauma oblique projection
a pt with a possible fx of the c-spine pedicles enters the ER. which projection will best demonstrate this region of the spine without moving the pt
evacuative proctography
a pt with clinical history of a rectocele comes to the radiology department. which radioraphic procedure will best diagnose this condition?
x-table CR projection of the ankle with the CR 15-20 degrees lateromedial from the long axis of the foot
a pt with possible fx of the ankle enters the ER. the pt cannot rotate the lower limb. what can be done to provide the orthopedic surgeon with a mortise projection of the ankle
R lateral decub
a pt with possible pleural effusion in the R lung enters the ER. the pt is unable to stand or sit erect. what position would best demonstrate this condition
rotation of upper body from true lateral
a radiograph of a lateral sternum shows the anterior ribs are superimposed over the sternum. which error led to this outcome
over rotation, larger chest patients 15 degrees. over rotation causes foreshortening
a radiograph of an RAO sternum shows foreshortening and the sternum is shifted away from the spine and heart shadow. patient has a large barrel chest. the technologist performed the RAO with 20-25 degrees of rotation. which positioning error led to this outcome
LPO recumbent
a radiograph of an UGI is no labeled correctly, the technologist is unsure of what position was performed. a double contrast GI study was completed with all position recumbent. barium in the fundus and air in the body and pylorus and the duodenal bulb in profile
AP performed recumbent
a radiograph taken during a double contrast UGI demonstrates that the fundus is barium filled and the body is air filled. What position does this radiograph represent
pelvicalvceal
a retrograde pyelogram is a specific radiographic exam of the ___ system
15-20 degree RAO will project the SC
a routine chest shows a possible lesion near the R SC joint. A PA projection of the SC joints is taken but the area of interest is superimposed over the spine. what position can be used to better demonstrate this region
volvulus
a tapered or corkscrew appearance seen during a barium enema
4 mR (30/60 x 8= 4)
a tech receives 30 mR/hour during a c-arm fluoro procedure. what is the total exposure dose if the procedure takes 8 min of fluoro time.
< 10 mR/hour
a tech using a C-arm fluoroscope receives 125 mR/hour exposure standing 2 feet from the pt. what is the exposure rate if the tech moves to a distance of 6 feet
volvulus
a twisting of the intestine on its own mesentery
mastication
act of chewing
hutchinsons
also called a chauffeurs fx
stress or fatigue
also called a march fx
decrease patient rotation to 40 degrees for an astenic patient
an UGI series is performed on an asthenic patient. a radiograph of the RAO shows that the duodenal bulb and C-loop are not in profile. The tech rotated the patient 70 degrees. What modification can be made on the repeat exposure
shallow RPO
an image taken during an operative cholangiogram shows the that biliary ducts are superimposed over the spine. the surgeon wants the ducts projected away from the spine. which position may eliminate this problem
kirschner wires
an unthreaded (smooth) or threaded metal wire used to reduce fractures of the wrist
cathartic
another name for a laxative
Barium swallow
another term for esophagogram
neoplasm
apple core lesion
drawn back
arms for lateral sternum
manubrium
aspect of sternum possesses the jugular notch
where is the CR centered for an AP axial projection for L5-S1?
at the ASIS, MSP angle is 30-35 degrees
The large joint spaces between C1-C2 is called the?
atlantoaxial joint (right and left)
30-40 ml
average capacity of the adult gallbladder
hip pinning, open reduction of tibia, intramedullary rod insertion
procedures that require the use of mobile fluoro
decrease pt dose
benefit of the "pulse mode" on digital C-arm
where is the pars interarticularis found?
between superior and inferior articular processes
orthostatic breathing technique
breathing instruction of RAO of the sternum to maximize visability?
fundus
broadest portion of gallbladder
2 inches superior to the EAM
where should the CR enter for a lateral skull projection
Distance
cardinal principle most effective in reducing exposure to the technologist
Giardiasis
caused by a flagellate protozoan
Crohn's disease
chronic inflammatory condition of small intestine
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammatory condition of the large intestine
hepatopancreatic sphincter
circular muscle fibers adjacent to duodenal papilla
which of the following technical factors is most important in producing a high quality CR image?
collimate as close as possible
anterior wedging and loss of vertebral body height are characteristics of
compression fracture
cholelithiasis
condition of gallstones
diverticulosis
condition of small herniations present along the intestinal wall
subluxation
correct term for a partial displacement
vermiform appendix
correct term for appendix
dislocation or luxation
correct term for the displacement of a bone from a joint
Right lateral
which UGI position best demonstrates a possible gastric diverticulum in the posterior wall of the fundus of the stomach
two partial facets found on the thoracic vertebrae are called?
demifacets
Giardiasis
dilation of the intestine with thickening of the circular folds
whipples disease
disorder of proximal small intestine
cystic duct
duct connected directly to gallbladder
ulcer
during an UGI the radiologist reports that she see a "lucent-halo" sign in the duodenum. What form of pathology did the radiologist see
Valsalva maneuver, and for esophageal reflux
during an esophagogram the radiologist asks the pt to try to bear down as is having a bowel movement. What is the maneuver called and why did the radiologist make the request
Sliding hiatal hernia
during an esophagogram, the radiologist remarks that Schatzki's ring is present. Which condition or disease process is indicated by the presence of this radiographic sign?
RPO
during the BE a possible polyp is seen in the left colic flexure. which of the following projections will best demonstrate it
hepatopancreatic ampulla
enlarged chamber in distal aspect of common bile duct
ilizarov device
example of an external fixator
what is the one feature of all thoracic vertebrae that makes them different from all other vertebrae?
facets for articulations with ribs
trauma, horizontal beam lateral
facial bone projection that will best demonstrate air-fluid levels in the maxillary sinuses for a pt unable to stand or sit erect
T/F: The lumbar possesses a concave posterior spinal curvature.
false
T/F: it is possible to shield females for an AP projection of the sacrum or coccyx if the gonadal shields are correctly placed.
false
T/F: Ankylosing spondylitis usually requires an increase in manual exposure factors?
false - none
T/F: the thoracic spine possesses facets for rib articulations and bifid spinous processes.
false: **cervical
T/F: the female gonadal dose is approximately equal for either AP or PA projections of the lumbar spine
false: 20-30% less dose
Nerve, vein, artery
found in the costal groove of each rib
bennetts
fx along base of 1st metacarpal
baseball
fx of distal phalanx with finger extended
monteggia
fx of the proximal half of ulna with dislocation of radial head
pathologic
fx resulting from a disease process
chip
fx resulting in an isolated bone fragment
lack of apposition
fx term that describes a situation in which the ends of the fragments are aligned but are pulled apart and not making contact with each other
valgus deformity
fx term that describes an angulation of a distal fx end away from the midline
hangmans
fx through the pedicles of C2
Situation: a radiograph of an AP open mouth projection of the cervical spine demonstrates the upper incisors superimposed over the top of the dens. What is the positioning error?
head is not extended enough and in superimposing the dens
shower curtain
helps maintain the sterile environment in surgery during a C-arm guided hip pinning
what is the correct term for the condition involving a "slipped disk"?
herniated nucleus pulposus
parallel to the interepicondylar plane
how is the CR aligned for a trauma lateral projection of the elbow
15-18ft
how long is the entire small intestine in the adult
15-20 degrees
how much body rotation for an RAO sternum
25-30 degees or until the CR is parallel to the scapular blade
how much rotation of the body from a supine position, is generally required for a lateromedial scapula projection with a trauma pt who can be turned on her side
35-45 degrees
how much rotation of the body is required for the LAO position during a BE
10-15 degrees
how much rotation of the thorax is required for the anterior oblique of the SC joints
35-40 degrees
how much rotation should be used for an RAO esophagogram projection
weekly
imaging equipment permanently stored in surgery must be cleaned at least
Hyposthenic/Asthenic
includes the low and vertical stomach with the duodenal bulb at the level of L3-L4
which one of the topographic landmarks corresponds to the L2-L3 level?
inferior costal margin
Diverticulitis
inflammation of small herniations in the intestinal wall
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine
for the lateral L5-S1 projection, the CR is parallel to the _______________ plane.
interiliac plane
which foramina are created by the superior and inferior vertebral notches?
intervertebral foramina
poylp
inward growth from intestinal wall
am abnormal or exaggerated lateral spinal curvature is called?
kyphosis
Compared with the spinous processes of the cervical and thoracic spine, the lumbar process are
larger and more blunt
what are the characteristics of the vertebra in fig. 9-9 that identify it as a lumbar vertebra rather than a thoracic?
larger vertebral bodies, smaller transverse process, bulky spinous process, no facets for ribs
which projections are designed to measure mobility of the vertebral column at the site of spinal fusion?
lateral Hyerflexion/Extension
Situation: a patient with a possible compression fracture of L3 enters the emergency room. Which projections of the lumbar spine best demonstrates the extent pf this injury?
lateral L-Spine
which position of the thoracic spine best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina?
lateral thoracic spine positioning
what 2 things can be done to reduce high amounts of scatter reaching the IR during the lateral projection of the sacrum and coccyx?
lead mat behind patient, close collimation
Which specific joint spaces are visualized with a left anterior oblique projection of the thoracic spine?
left zyapophyseal joints - downside
At which vertebral level does the solid spinal cord terminate?
lower level of L1
appendicitis
may be caused by the cutting off blood supply to it or by infection
body
middle aspect of gallbladder
body of stomach
middle aspect of the stomach
bacterial infection
most common causes of osteomyelitis
barium sulfate
most common radiopaque contrast medium used in the GI system
xiphoid process
most distal aspect of sternum
Fundus of stomach
most posterior portion of stomach
intussusception
mushroom shaped dilation with a small amount of barium extending beyond it
sternal angle
name of palpable junction between the upper and midportion of sternum?
trunnion
name of the device on the xray tube mount that permits compound angles of the xray tube
falciform ligament
name of the soft tissue structure that divides the liver into left and right lobes
neck
narrowest portion of gallbladder
An AP projection of the sacrum reveals that the sacrum is foreshortened and the foramina are not open. What position error led to this?
no angulation on the tube
hx of multiple myeloma
nuc med bone scan are NOT normally performed for what condition of the bony thorax?
which of the following imaging modalities is not normally performed to rule out a herniated nucleus populous?
nuclear medicine
which one of the following structures makes up the inner aspect of the intervertebral disk?
nucleus pulposus
vitamins
nutrient not digested
esophageal reflux
older term for GERD
landscape
on horizontal beam lateral skull projection, should the IR be portrait or landscape to the pt.
ileum
which aspect of the small intestine is the longest?
ileum
which aspect of the small intestine is the smallest in diameter?
esophagogastric junction
opening between esophagus and stomach
intramedullary rod
orthopedic devices is used to stabilize a midfemoral shaft fx
LPO
other position used if pt cannot assume the recumbent RAO position?
nuclear medicine
other than an esopagogram what other imaging modality is performed to diagnose Barretts esophagus
Meckel's diverticulum
outpouching of distal ileum
blunt trauma
pathology of the sternum is most commonly caused by
trapped vegetable fiber in the stomach
phytobezoar
LAO
position that will best demonstrate the R axillary ribs
suspend resp., 65-70 kv, and performed erect
positioning consideration for study of the ribs above the diaphragm
emulsification of fats
primary function of bile
35-40 degrees cehpalic, AP axial projection
projection that best demonstrates C1-C2 vertebra if the pt cannot open his mouth
the anterior/superior ridge of the upper sacrum is called the
promontory
epiphyseal
radiologists often use the Salter-Harris system to classify ___ fx
GERD
reason a pt may be asked to swallow a mouthful of water drawn through straw during an esophagogram
a radiograph of an AP projection of the lumbar spine reveals that the SI joints are not equidistant from the spine. The right ala of the sacrum appears wider, and the left SI joint is more open than the left. Which specific position error is evident on this graph?
reduce RPO rotation, rotate a bit back to the left
Situation: a study of the SI joints reveals that the joints are not open and the upper iliac wings are nearly superimposing with the joints. The technologist performed 35 degree RPO and LPO positions with a perpendicular CR. What can be done during the repeat to open the joints?
reduce obliquity to 25-30 degrees
why should the knees and hips need to be flexed for an AP projection of the lumbar spine?
reduces lumbar curvature and brings back closer to IR
Fundus
which aspect of the stomach fills with air when the patient is prone during a double contrast UGI
nonfunctional
retrograde urography is a _____ exam of the urinary system
Situation: a radiograph of a lateral thoracic spine projection reveals that the intervertebral foramina and the intervertebral joint spaces are not clearly demonstrated? Which type of problems can lead to this radiographic outcome?
rotation error with lateral
mucousal folds
rugae
which of the following divisions of the spine is described as possessing a primary curve? (there may be more than one correct answer).
sacral and thoracic
an abnormal or exaggerated lateral spinal curvature is called?
scoliosis
Scheuerman disease is a form of?
scoliosis/kyphosis
spiral valve
series of mucosal folds in cystic duct
Bucky slot shield
shielding device best reduces exposure to the lower torso of fluoroscopist
which set of zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine is best demonstrated with an LAO position?
side farthest from IR, upside
fx or orthopedic table
special OR table used for hip pinnings and other orthopedic procedures to provide traction to the involved limb is termed
which one of the following conditions is often diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound?
spina bifida
scoliosis corrective surgery
spinal procedure may require the use of harrington or luque rod
ulcerative colitis
stovepipe appearance of colon
regional enteritis
string sign
nursemaids elbow
subluxation of the radial head on a child
surgical assistant
suctioning, typing, and clamping blood vessels, as well as assisting in cutting and suturing tissues are the general duties of the:
left colic (splenic) flexure
which colic flexure is located 1-2 inches higher or more superior in the abdomen
common bile duct (CBD)
which duct carries bile form the cystic duct to the duodenum
the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine are classified as _______________ joints with _________________ type of movement.
synovial, plane/gliding
use intermittent fluoro
technique reduces the dose to the surgical team during a c-arm procedure
intussusception
telescoping of the bowel into another aspect of it
road mapping
term for the process of holding one image on the C-arm monitor whole also providing continuous fluoro
2 inches
the CR and IR should be centered approximately _____ higher for the 15 or 30 minute small bowel image than for later images
left, 1-2 inches above iliac crest
the LAO projection best demonstrates the _____ colic flexure with the CR centered to_____
right, iliac crest
the RAO projection best demonstrates the ______ colic flexure with the CR and IR centered to the level of _____
asepsis
the absence of infectious organisms
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
which hormone leads to the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile
T11
the esophagus extends from C5-C6 to:
true rib
the fifth rib is an example of a ______ rib
posterior inferior
the gallbladder is located in the ____________ margin of the liver
stomach
the greek term gaster or gastro means
jejunum
the part of the intestine with a "feathery" and "coiled spring" appearance when filled with braium
6 feet (1.8 m)
the tech must be at least ____ from the xray tube during a mobile radiographic procedure
Defecography
the term evacuative proctography is sometimes used for a lower GI tract procedure. this procedure is also commonly called
cecum and rectum
the two aspects of the large intestine not considered part of the colon
describe the body build that may require the CR angulation to open the intervertebral joint spaces with a lateral projection of the lumbar spine, even if the patient has waist support?
thicc, wide hips, and thin thorax need 5-8 caudal angle
why should a single lateral projection of the sacrum and coccyx be performed rather than separate laterals of the sacrum and coccyx?
to decrease gonadal dose
10 degrees posteriorly from perpendicular to plantar surface of the foot
to ensure the CR is aligned properly for an AP trauma projection of the foot, the CR is angled
fundus
to which aspect of the stomach does barium gravitate to when the pt is in a supine position
Situation: a lateral cervical spine radiograph demonstrates that the zygapophyseal joint spaces are not superimposed. Which type of positioning error may lead to this radiographic outcome?
too much rotation or not enough rotation, not lateral truly
a radiograph of an LPO projection of the lumbar spine reveals that the downside of the pedicles are projected toward the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies. What must be done to correct this?
too obliqued, move patient to 45 degree oblique position
which ligament holds the dens against the anterior arch of C1?
transverse atlantal ligament
T/F: the carotid artery and certain nerves pass through the cervical transverse foramina.
true
a horizontal beam lateromedial projection
which lateral projection would best demonstrate the mid-to-distal humerus without rotating the limb
RAO
which oblique position, LAO or RAO, best demonstrates the ascending colon and right colic flexure
angular notch (incisura angularis)
which of the following aspects of the stomach is defined as an indentation between the body and pylorus
area of interest closest to IR and rotate spine away from area of interest
two factors to consider when determining which specific projections to include for rib routine
malabsoprtion syndrome
unable to process certain nutrients
common hepatic duct
union of the left and right hepatic ducts form which duct
interbody fusion cage
used for spinal fusion surgery rather than the use of a pedicle screw
Peristalsis
wavelike involuntary contractions that help propel food down the esophagus
hold breath on expiration
what breathing instructions should be given to the patient during insertion of the enema tip
antral muscle thickness exceeding 4 mm
what criterion is used with ultrasound in determining whether the pt has HPS
a floating rib does not possess costocartilage
what distinguishes a floating rib from a false rib
a true rib attaches directly to the sternum with its own costocartilage
what distinguishes a true rib from a false
Lidocaine
what drug can be added to the barium sulfate mix to minimize intestinal spasm during a BE
ensure side rails are up on the pt cart
what final step should the tech take before returning a trauma pt to the ER following a radiographic procedure
2 Hrs
what is the average length of time in a small bowel series for the barium to pass through the ileocecal sphincter?
40", minimum of 15" between patient and tube for radiation safety
what is the min SID for sternum?
8 hours
what is the min amount of time a pt needs to be NPO before a small bowel?
2
what is the min number of projections for a postreduction study of the wrist.
suspensory ligament of the duodenum
what is the name for the band of muscle tissue found at the junction of the duodenum and jejunum
mumps
what is the name of the condition that results from the viral infection of the parotid
only the level of the table top
what portion of the OR table is considered sterile
large intestine
where does the reabsorption of inorganic salt occur in the GI tract
the ear and front leg of the "Scottie dog" make up the ___________ joint, best seen in oblique position.
zygapophyseal
which joints are found between the superior and inferior articular processes?
zygapophyseal joints