Chapter 8

The purpose of studies in epidemiology is what? a. To describe new diseases b. To explain a change in disease patterns c. To alert the healthcare community to unusual signs and symptoms in an individual d. All of the above

All of the above

__________ refer to the raw number of health phenomena under investigation and would include health events such as births, cases of a disease, and deaths. a. Measurements b. Count data c. Information data d. Statistical data

Count data

These are changes in disease patterns that are often predictable and recur over time, are seen more readily in health care, particularly as they relate to infectious diseases. a. Cyclical trends b. Annual trends c. Time trends d. Circular trends

Cyclical trends

Descriptive epidemiology is used to investigate the determinants of disease. True False

False

Pandemic is a widespread occurrence of a disease in a community or population that is in excess of what is expected. Endemic is a pandemic that has spread worldwide. True False

False

Screenings are done even when there is no treatment for the disease being screened. True False

False

Sensitivity describes the ability of the test to correctly identify people without the disease by negative results. True False

False

There are no ethical concerns related to false negatives. True False

False

The cycle of transmission of disease from the host to the agent can be broken with what three steps? a. Immunizations, isolation, and treatment b. Prevention, isolation, and immunizations c. Immunizations, prevention, and cure d. Identification, isolation, and treatment

Immunizations, isolation, and treatment

What corresponds with case-control studies? Odds ratio or relative risk?

Odds ratio

Diseases that spread around the world are known as: a. endemic b. epidemic c. international outbreak d. pandemic

Pandemic

In epidemiology the researcher needs to consider the descriptive characteristics of the person. Which of the following is not a descriptive characteristic of the person? a. Education b. Religion c. Alcohol use d. Political affiliation

Political affiliation

All of the following are components of the epidemiologic triangle except: a. Agent b. Environment c. Host d. Population

Population

A ____ is a measure of disease frequency in a defined population over a specified period of time. a. ratio b. prevalence c. rate d. incidence

Rate

What corresponds with cohort studies? Odds ratio or relative risk?

Relative risk

Which of the following is an example of epidemiology? a. Studying the effects of genomic-based cancer therapies b. Studying the interaction between HIV cells and healthy cells c. Studying the effect of tuberculosis medications on the severity of the disease d. Studying the effect of STD prevention on STD prevalence rates

Studying the effect of STD prevention on STD prevalence rates

Epidemiological studies involve which of the following fundamental assumptions? a. The disease being studied does occur at random. b. The disease being studied does not occur at random. c. The disease being studied is genetic in nature. d. The disease being studied can be cured

The disease being studied does not occur at random.

A false positive is when individuals are told they have the disease when in reality they do not. True False

True

As sensitivity of a test increases, specificity of the test decreases. True False

True

Epidemiology is the study of disease in populations rather than in individuals. True False

True

It would be unethical to expose individuals to asbestos to study the disease pattern. True False

True

Diseases can be described by all of the following except: a. dimension b. person c. place d. time

dimension

An endemic disease is best defined as: a. disease that is localized to a particular geographic area. b. disease that is localized to a particular body organ or system. c. disease that is global with no geographic limitations. d. disease that has no known successful cure

disease that is localized to a particular geographic area.

What is rate?

measure of disease frequency in a defined population over a specific period of time

Diseases that occur over long periods of time are known as: a. Cyclical changes b. intermittent trends c. secular trends d. short-term trends

secular trends

What is prevalence?

the number of existing cases of a disease in a population

What is incidence?

the number of new cases in a population

What is count data?

the raw number of health phenomena under investigation