Chapter 8

less efficiently than normal.

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

nostalgia

A memory that involves a sentimental affection for the past

Repeated reproduction

A method of measuring memory in which a person is asked to reproduce a stimulus on repeated occasions at longer intervals after the original presentation of the material to be remembered

Schema

A persons knowledge about what is involved in a particular experienec

Cognitive interview

A procedure used for interviewing crime scene witnesses that involves letting witnesses talk with a minimum of interruption, and also uses techniques that help witnesses recreate the situation present at the crime scene by having them place themselves back in the scene and recreate things like emotions they were feeling, where they were looking, and how the scene may have appeared when viewed from different perspectives.

Amygdala

A subcortical structure that is involved in processing emotional aspects of experience, including memory for emotional events.

Script

A type of schema. The conception of the sequence of actions that describe a particular activity. For example, the sequence of events that are associated with going to class would be a "going to class" script.

constructive

According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

Cognitive Hypothesis

An explanation for the reminiscence bump, which states that memories are better for adolescence and early adulthood because encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability.

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved

transition points

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory

Autobiographical memory capacity possessed by some people who can remember personal experiences that occurred on any day from their past.

the person took himself or herself.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

Illusory truth effect

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

Illusory truth effect

Enhanced probability of evaluating a statement as being true upon repeated presentation

auditory from a female speaker.

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was

cultural expectations.

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on

schemas

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory.

Repressed Childhood memory

Memories that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness

Flashbulb memory

Memory for the circumstances surrounding hearing about shocking, highly charged events. It has been claimed that such memories are particularly vivid and accurate.

repeated recall

Recall that is tested immediately after an event and then retested at various times after the event

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that a. highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate. b. it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. c. despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup. d. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

source misattribution.

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and

proust effect

The elicitation of memories through taste and olfaction. Named for Marcel Proust, who described how the taste and smell of a tea-soaked madeleine cake unlocked childhood memories.

Cultural life script hypothesis

The idea that events in a person's life story become easier to recall when they fit the cultural life script from that person's culture. This has been cited to explain the reminiscence bump

Self-image hypothesis

The idea that memory is enhanced for events that occur as a persons self image or life identity is being formed. This is one of the explanations for reminiscence bump

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

The idea that we remember some life events better because we rehearse them. This idea was proposed by Neisser as an explanation for flashbulb memories.

Constructive nature of memory

The idea that what people report as memories are constructed based on what actually happened plus additional factors, such as expectations, other knowledge, and other life experiences.

misleading postevent information (MPI)

The misleading information that causes the misinformation effect.

source monitoring

The process by which people determine the origins of memories, knowledge, or beliefs. Remembering that you heard about something from a particular person would be an example of source monitoring.

weapons focus

The tendency for eyewitnesses to a crime to focus attention on a weapon, which causes poorer memory for other things that are happening.

Cortisol

Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion?

d. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect? a. The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect b. Misinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event. c. The provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect d. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.

arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories

post-identification feedback effect

an increase in confidence of memory recall due to confirming feedback after making an identification, as in a police lineup

pragmatic inference

interference that occurs when reading or hearing a statement leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the statement

Cultural life script

life events that commonly occur in a particular culture

Autobiographical memory

memory for specific events from a person's life, which can include both episodic and semantic components

source monitoring error

misidentifying the source of a memory

Misinformation effect

misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes that event later

Source misattribution

occurs when the source of a memory is misidentified

youth bias

tendency for the most notable public events in a person's life to be perceived to occur when the person is young

Eyewitness testimony

testimony by eyewitnesses to a crime about what they saw during commission of the crime

Fluency

the ease with which a statement can be remembered

Reminiscence bump

the empirical finding that people over 40 years old have enhanced memory for events from adolescence and early adulthood, compared to other periods of their lives

Cryptoamnesia

unconscious plagiarism of the work of others, this has been associated with errors in source monitoring