Chapter 8

the serial position effect.

Cyndi meets nine new neighbors at a block party. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors she met. Her experience illustrates

retrieval cues

Darlene is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Darlene is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Darlene is using ____________ to remember the woman's name.

The book was never purchased for and placed in the library.

Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain the encoding problem?

déjà vu.

Freddy met a woman in the library and immediately thought he knew her. He then asked her, "Have I met you before?" She replied no and walked away, assuming he was trying to ask her out. This could have been an example of

state-dependent memory.

Ralph came home quite drunk from a party on Saturday night. (Luckily he was given a ride home.) Once in the apartment, he threw his keys down somewhere and immediately fell asleep. He may not be able to find his keys again until he is once again drunk because of:

recall

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of

repressing

According to Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are ____________ painful memories.

The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (e.g., learn underwater, get tested underwater).

Godden and Baddeley conducted a memory experiment using two groups of scuba divers. One group listened to a list of words while sitting on a beach. The other group listened to the same list of words while 10 feet underwater. What did the researchers discover about context and learning?

James

He referred to priming as the "wakening of associations."

hierarchical organization.

Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. His process best illustrates the use of:

chunking.

It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not so organized. This process is known as:

long-term

John has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, and while he is quite forgetful, he is still able to recall events from his teenage and young adult years. His ___________ memory is still intact.

explicit; implicit

Mabel has Alzheimer's disease and her _____________ memories for people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____________ memories by being repeatedly shown words.

overconfident

Our ability to recognize material can make us feel _____, which might lead to poorer performance on certain tests.

real perceptions; real memories

Perceptual illusions are to _____________ as false memories are to _____________.

they are almost impossible to separate

Researchers have found that a major difference between memories derived from real experience versus imagined memories is that:

flashbulb memories.

Some of our memories of an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These memories are known as:

short-term memory

This activated memory holds a few items (for example, a phone number) briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.

long-term memory

This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of your memory system.

90

When Kaleb decided to go to his 25-year high school reunion, he looked in his yearbook to see whose pictures he might recognize. According to memory research, he could expect to recognize _____ percent of his classmates' pictures.

t is easier to relearn; that is, to learn the material for a second time

When Katrina studied the Russian language in high school, although not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later, when she decided to go to Russia, she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly this time because:

There is a condition called the "survivor syndrome."

Which of the following about sexual abuse is FALSE?

retrieval

Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention?

echoic

Your brother often pretends to listen to what you are saying, but his attention really is focused elsewhere. When you ask him, "What did I just say?" however, he can sometimes repeat your last few words. This is likely due to __________ memory.

Effortful processing

______________ refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Mood-congruent memory

______________ refers to our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current emotional state. In other words, if you are in a bad mood, you will be more likely to have negative associations.

Retroactive interference

_______________ occurs when something you learn now interferes with your ability to recall something you learned earlier.