Chapter 8- Articulations

List and briefly describe 5 types of movement.

2.Angular Movements Flexion-Movement that decreases the angle between the articulating bones Extension- Movement that increases the angle between the bones Abduction- Movement away from the midline of the body Adduction- Movement toward the midline 3. Rotational Movements Pronation- Movement that moves the palm to face posteriorly Supination- Movement that moves the palm into the anatomical position. Left rotation and Right Rotation- Occur when the head is turned Lateral rotation and medial rotation- Occur at ball and sockets joints and at the raidoulnar joint. Movements turn the rounded head of one bone in the socket of another bone. 4. Circumduction- Circular movement at a ball and socket joint. Motion of the proximal region of the upper limb is stationary as the distal portion traces a wide circle in the air. 5. Special Movements- Inversion and Eversion- Eversion is a lateral movement of the ankle to move the foot so that the toes point away from the body's midline. Inversion is when the sole is moved medially so t hat the toes point toward the midline. Dorsiflexsion and plantar flexsion- Dorsiflexsion is the joint movement that permits you to walk on your heels, which means the soles of your feet are raised up off the floor and the angle between the and and the bones of the legs are decreased. Plantar flexsion moves the foot so you can walk on your tiptoes; angle between tibia/fibia is increased. Lateral flexsion- Bending of the vertebral column from side to side. Movement occurs in the cervical and lumbar regions. Protraction and retraction- Protraction moves a structure anteriorly, as when you jut your mandible forward. Retraction moves structure posterioly out of the anatomical position, as when the mandible is moved posterioly to demonstrate an overbite. Opposition- Touching the thumb pad with the pad of the little finger Depression and elevation- Depression lowers bones example would be lower your mandible bone to take a bite of food. Elevation would be closing your mouth of the mandible bone.

List and briefly describe 4 sub classifications of joints based on their make-up (structure)*

Bony Fusion- Occurs where bones have fused together.Permits no movement Example- Frontal Bone Fibrous Joints- Connective tissue between the articulating bones, and as a result little to no movement occurs in these joints. 3 types of fibrous joints which are Sutures, gomphosis, and syndesmoses. Example- Suture of the skull, Fusion of the frontal bone Cartilaginous Joints- Have cartilage between the bones. The type of cartilage- hyaline or fibrocartilage- determines the type of cartilaginous joint. Example- Pubic symphysis where the coxal bones unite at the pubis. Synovial Joints- Have a joint cavity lined by synovial membrane. All free moving joints. 4 types are monomial, biaxial, triaxial, and multi axial joints. Example- Ball and Socket joints, hinge joints.

What are 2 ways that joints can be classified?

Function- Range of Motion Structure- Make of the Joint

List and briefly describe 6 types Synovial joints. Be sure to provide an example for each.

Gliding Joint aka plane joint- Common where flat articular surfaces slide by neighboring bones. Movement is slight non axial or multiaxial Common Glide Joints: Acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints, intercarpal and intertarsal joints, Vertebrocostal joints, sacro-illiac joints Hinge Joints- Monomial, operating like a door hinge. Common Hinge Joints- elbow joint, knee joint, ankle joint, interphalangeal joint. Pivot Joint- Monxials (rotation) joints that permit one bone to rotate around another Common Pivot Joints- Atlanto-axial joint, Proximal radio-ulnar joint Ellipsoid Joints aka Condylar Joint - Convex surface of one bone that articulates in a concave depression of another bone. Concave-to-convex spooning of articulating surfaces permits biaxial movement. Common Ellipsoid Joints- Radoiocarpal joint, Metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5, Metatarsophalangeal joints Saddle joint- Biaxial joint found only at the junction between the thumb metacarpus and trapezium bone of the wrist. Joint permits you to oppose your thumb and grasp and manipulate objects in your hand. Common Saddle Joint- First carpometacarpal joint Ball-and-socket joints- Occurs where a spherical head of one bone fits into a cup-shaped fossa of another bone, as in the joint between the humerus and the scapula. This triaxial joint permits dynamic movement in many planes. Common Ball-and-Socket Joints- Shoulder Joint, Hip Joint

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

Lubricates the surfaces of the articular cartilages and reduced friction. Nourishes the chondrocytes by entering and exiting the articular cartilages due to the forces acting on the joint. Acts as a shock absorber

List 4 accessory structures for synovial joints *

Menisci aka articular discs- Pads of fibrous cartilage Ligaments- support, strengthen, and reinforce Tendons- presence may limit range of motion, provide strength Bursae- Small, fluid filled pockets in connective tissue. filled with synovial fluid. Reduce friction and act as a shock absorber.

List and briefly describe 4 types Synarthrosis joints. Be sure to provide an example for each.

Suture- located only between the bones of the skull. Bones are interlocked together. Example- Coronoal suture, saggital suture * Gomphosis- Binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible.Periodontal ligaments of the teeth. Example-Alveolar Joint Synchondrosis- Rigid, cartilagenious bridge between two articulating bones. Joint within epiphysis of bone. Example: The cartilaginous between the ends of the first pair of vertebrosternal ribs and the sternum Synostosis- Totally rigid, immovable joint created when two bones fuse and the bounda4ry between them disappears. Example: The Frontal suture of the frontal bone and the epiphyseal lines of mature long bones.

List and briefly describe 3 sub classifications of joints based on their ROM.*

Synarthrosis- immovable Joint Amphiarthrosis- slightly moveable joint Diarthrosis- Freely movable joint

List and briefly describe 2 types Amphiarthrosis joints. Be sure to provide an example for each.

Syndesmosis-Occur between the parallel bones of the forearm and leg. A ligament of fibrous tissue forms a strong band that wraps around the bones. This prevents excessive movement in the joint. Example: Between the radius and ulna, between the tibia and fibula. Symphysis- Articulating bones are separated by a wedge or a pad of fibrous cartilage. Example: Articulation between two pubis bones (pubic symphysis) is an example.