Chapter 8 Connect Quiz

Rank the steps in the order that helps children become good at cognition according to Michael Pressley and his colleagues. 1. children are taught by parents or teachers to use a particular strategy 2. students recognize the general benefits of using strategies, which produces general strategy knowledge 3. teachers demonstrate similarities and differences in multiples strategies in a specific domain.

1, 3, 2

Rank the steps of the PQ4R system used by students to remember information in the order of their occurrence. 1. preview 2. recite 3. review 4. read 5. reflect 6. question

1, 6, 4, 5, 2, 3

______-______ ________ refers to retrieval failure caused by a lack of effective retrieval cues.

Cue-dependent forgetting

__________ is the retention of information over time.

Memory

According to the ________-_______ ________ proposed by richard atkinson and richard shiffrin, memory involves a sequence of three stages.

atkinson-shiffrin model

____ is considered a label for approaches that explain behavior by examining mental processes. a. comparative psychology b. health psychology c. cognitive psychology d. anomalistic psychology

c. cognitive psychology

Network theories emphasize ______ in the memory network that stand for labels or concepts. a. class membership b. attributes c. nodes d. short links

c. nodes

_____ states that when an individual reconstructs information, he or she fits it into information that already exists in the mind. a. The kubler-ross model b. the atkinson-shiffrin model c. a network theory d. a schema theory

d. a schema theory

The _______-_______ _______ is a cognitive approach where people manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it.

information-processing approach

______-______ _______ is a limited capacity memory system in which information is retained at least 30 seconds unless it is rehearsed or otherwise processed further, in which case it can be retained longer.

short-term memory

Rank the steps in the order that helps children become good at cognition according to micheal pressley and his colleagues. 1. teachers demonstrate similarities and difference in multiple strategies in a specific domain 2. students recognize the general benefits of using strategies, which produces general strategy knowledge 3. children are taught by parents or teachers to use a particular strategy

3 , 1 then 2

Match the two types of memory representations with their respective descriptions. a. a verbatim memory trace b. a fuzzy trace 1. it consists of precise details 2. it is the central idea of the information

a with 1 and b with 2

Match the types of effects related to information retrieval to their respective descriptions. a. the primary effect b. the recency effect 1. refers to the tendency of remembering items at the beginning of a list 2. refers to the tendency of remembering items at the end of a list

a with 1 and b with 2

Match the types of attention to their appropriate descriptions. a. selective attention b. divided attention c. executive attention 1. it refers to focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant. 2. it involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time 3. it involves action planning, allocating attention to goals and, error detection and compensation

a with 1, b with 2 and c with 3

Match the types of retrieval tasks with the respective examples that reflect the requirement of the specific task. a. recall task b. recognition task 1. a student answering multiple-choice questions 2. a student answering fill-in-the-blank or essay questions

a with 2 and b with 1

Match the levels of processing to the respective examples that reflect the specific processing level. a. shallow level of processing b. intermediate level of processing c. deep level of processing 1. processing information semantically in terms of its meaning 2. detecting the lines, angles and contours of a printed word's letters 3. Identifying a four-legged barking object as a dog

a with 2, b with 3 an c with 1

Which of the following learning strategies are recommended for children? (select all that applies) a. taking good notes b. asking themselves questions c. consolidating learning d. writing everything that is heard while taking notes e. cramming at the last minute rather than learning over a longer period

a, b and c

Identify the mechanisms that work together to create changes in children's cognitive skills according to robert siegler. (select all that apply) a. encoding b. strategy construction c. lateralization of cerebral cortex d. chemotaxis e. automaticity

a, b and e

Which of the following makes use of an individual's declarative memory? a. describing a principle of math b. speaking grammatically correct sentences c. typing on a computer keyboard d. riding a bicycle

a. describing a principle of math

The concept of encoding specificity is compatible with the process of ________, and they both reveal the interdependence of encoding and retrieval. a. elaboration b. rehearsal c. centration d. lateralization

a. elaboration

In the context of the atkinson-shiffrin model, contemporary experts on memory believe that ____. a. memory does not always work in a neatly packaged three-stage sequence b. the working memory uses the long-term memory's contents by simple retrieval of information c. information in the sensory memory stage is retained for several hours d. the use of rehearsal does not cause information transfer into long-term memory

a. memory does not always work in a neatly packaged three-stage sequence

Identify an example of an episodic memory. a. memory of the first day at school b. performing a dance c. knowledge about meanings of words d. riding a bicycle

a. memory of the first day at school

The ____ is specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language. a. phonological loop b. corpus callosum c. visuospatial working memory d. central executive

a. phonological loop

The conscious repetition of information over time to increase the length of time it stays in memory is known as ____. a. rehearsal b. conservation c. habituation d. elaboration

a. rehearsal

Identify a characteristic of children between four and five years of age. a. they realize that people can have false beliefs b. they effectively meet the demands of a learning task c. they develop a deepening appreciation of the mind itself d. they fail to understand that the mind can represent objects and events accurately

a. they realize that people can have false beliefs

True of false: After the age of 6 or 7, children pay more attention to features relevant to performing a task instead of being controlled by the most striking stimuli. a. true b. false

a. true

True or false: The information processing abilities of children increase as they grow by the influence of increases in cognitive resources. a. true b. false

a. true

Identify the true statements about sensory memory in students a. sensory memory holds information for more than 30 minutes b. sensory memory for sounds lasts for several seconds like a brief echo c. sensory memory is longer in duration compared with short-term memory d. sensory memory for visual images lasts only for about one-fourth of a second

b and d

Which of the following factors are emphasized by the Good information-processing model? (select all that applies) a. transience b. motivation c. metacognition d. content knowledge e. positive self-reinforcement

b, c and d

True of false: There exists considerable individual variation in adolescents' metacognition abilities. a. False b. True

b. True

Compared to novices, experts _____. a. show average organizational skills b. are better at noticing important features of problems c. avoid the use of chunking as a strategy to recall information d. have poor recall of information

b. are better at noticing important features of problems

______ refers to focusing of mental resources. a. extraversion b. attention c. encoding d. openness

b. attention

identify a true statement about attention. a. all children allocate their attention in the same way. b. attention improves cognitive processing for many tasks c. attention decreases the cognitive complexity of children d. adults can pay attention to large amounts of information at any one time compared to children

b. attention improves cognitive processing for many tasks

True or false: it is not possible for an individual to rehearse numbers in the phonological loop while making spatial arrangements of letters in visuospatial working memory. a. true b. false

b. false

Which of the following is true about working memory? a. it is a passive storehouse b. it helps individuals make decisions and solve problems c. it is an infinite-capacity system d. it fails to help individuals comprehend written and spoken language

b. it helps individuals make decisions and solve problems

In order to execute strategies efficiently, students need to have the strategies in their ________, and extensive practice makes it possible. a. short-term memory b. long-term memory c. sensory memory d. working memory

b. long-term memory

_____occurs when students consciously adapt and manage their thinking strategies during problem solving and purposeful thinking. a. centration b. metacognitive activity c. rehearsal d. positive self-reinforcement behavior

b. metacognitive activity

Allan Paivio believed that the memory of information is better when ______. a. the image code is brief b. the image code is detailed and distinct c. the verbal code is absent d. the verbal code is elaborate

b. the image code is detailed and distinct

True or false: Scripts contain information about physical features, people, and typical occurrences. a. false b. true

b. true

Identify the mental states that children begin to understand between two and three years of age. (select all that applies) a. satire b. commitment c. perceptions d. emotions e. desires

c, d and e

According to Miller, the limit with respect to the amount of information that students can keep track of without external aids is in the range of ______ items. a. 3+-1 b. 2+-2 c. 7+-2 d. 12+-2

c. 7+-2

Identify a benefit of chunking. a. it helps in memorizing a large amount of information in one piece b. it increases the cognitive complexity of children c. it helps make large amounts of information manageable d. it eliminates the need for rote learning

c. it helps make large amounts of information manageable

The long-term memory subtype of ______ is procedural memory in the form of skills and cognitive operations. a. episodic memory b. semantic memory c. nondeclarative memory d. explicit memory

c. nondeclarative memory

A student's general knowledge about the world is called _______. a. procedural memory b. episodic memory c. semantic memory d. implicit memory

c. semantic memory

which of the following studies views a child as thinker who is trying to explain, predict, and understand people's thoughts, feelings, and utterances? a. studies of interference theory b. studies of decay theory c. studies of theory of mind d. studies of the encoding specificity principle

c. studies of theory of mind

Identify a true statement about expert teachers. a. they discourage the process of chunking b. they consider students to be passive learners rather than active c. they know the difficulties students are likely to encounter d. they rely completely on textbook material

c. they know the difficulties students are likely to encounter

Patricia Alexander uses the label _____ to describe the initial stage of expertise in a particular domain. a. conservation b. elaboration c. transience d. acclimation

d. acclimation

Identify a true statement about long-term memory a. it temporarily holds information as people perform tasks b. information is retained for a long time only when it is rehearsed more often c. all information is retrieved easily from long-term memory d. it often takes only a moment to retrieve information from one's long-term memory

d. it often takes only a moment to retrieve information from one's long-term memory

Which of the following integrates information from the phonological loop, the visuospatial working memory, as well as from long term memory? a. declarative memory b. sensory memory c. the zone of proximal development d. the central executive

d. the central executive

Identify a characteristic of adaptive experts. a. they are incapable of unlearning previous routines b. they are similar to novices c. they favor a fixed routine d. they are motivated to learn from others

d. they are motivated to learn from others

Identify a true statement about the developmental changes observed in the use of elaboration in the encoding process. a. adolescents are less likely to use elaboration strategies spontaneously b. Adolescents fail to use elaboration strategies on other learning tasks other than using it for known tasks c. elementary school children are more likely to use elaboration strategies on different learning tasks d. verbal elaboration can be an effective memory strategy for young elementary school children

d. verbal elaboration can be an effective memory strategy for young elementary school children

According to the _____ ______, new learning involves the creation of a neurochemical memory trace, which will eventually disintegrate.

decay theory

A part of self-modification draws on ________, which means "knowing about knowing" or "cognition about cognition"

metacognition