Chapter 8 extended

74) The fact that IQ correlations increase with age for identical twins, but decrease with age for fraternal twins, suggests that

the genetic likeness of identical twins causes them to seek out similar niches in adolescence and adulthood.

58) According to the environmental cumulative deficit hypothesis,

the negative effects of underprivileged rearing conditions on IQ increase the longer the child remains in those conditions.

25) Research on Sternberg's triarchic theory indicates that

the three intelligences are relatively distinct.

117) Convergent thinking contrasts with divergent thinking because it involves

the type of cognition emphasized on intelligence tests.

32) Critics of Gardner's theory point out that

the unusual skills of people with savant syndrome are mechanical and inflexible because those skills are not aided by other abilities.

95) In comparisons of children who are the same age but in different grades,

those who have been in school longer score higher on intelligence tests.

75) Studies of IQ correlations between twins and other relatives show that the average correlation for

twin and nontwin siblings living together is stronger than the average correlation for those living apart.

72) Heritability estimates are computed by comparing the IQ correlations of

twins and other relatives.

76) When the range of environments to which twins are exposed is restricted, heritability estimates

underestimate the role of environment and overestimate the role of heredity.

105) Which of the following nonshared environmental influences would make Dani and Tami, who are sisters, different from one another?

unique treatment by their parents

57) Marco, who has taken IQ tests at two different time periods, has declined in IQ. Research indicates that children like Marco often have parents who

use either very severe or very lax discipline.

In a study in which laypeople and experts were asked to jot down a list of behaviors that they regarded as typical of highly intelligent people, both groups viewed intelligence as made up of which of the following three attributes?

verbal ability, problem solving, and social competence

94) Researchers assessing black and white community college students' familiarity with vocabulary taken from items on an intelligence test found that the

whites had considerably more knowledge.

55) One reason why preschool IQ test scores predict less well than later scores is that

with age, test items focus less on concrete knowledge and more on problem-solving skills.

67) Professor Elgin is interested in how a family's socioeconomic status (SES) affects children's well-being. When measuring SES, which of the following variables will Professor Elgin consider?

years of education, the prestige of one's job and the skill it requires, and income

Zoe's __________ reflect(s) her fluid intelligence

speed with which she can analyze information

106) Evidence on Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) confirms that

stimulation provided by parents is moderately linked to mental development

116) In the Head Start REDI enrichment program, which of the following activities would foster children's social skills?

teachers using puppet characters and role-play demonstrations

52) Correlating Bert's IQ score at different ages

tells whether Bert, who scored high in comparison to his agemates at one age, continues to do so later.

42) Which of the following scales of the Bayley-III depend on parental report?

the Adaptive Behavior Scale

107) Research using the HOME checklist has shown that

the HOME-IQ relationship declines in middle childhood.

110) Longitudinal research shows that

the IQs of unrelated siblings are no longer correlated at adolescence.

Which of the following events prompted the development of the first intelligence tests?

the beginning of universal public education

54) Research examining the correlational stability of IQ suggests that

the closer in time two testings are, the stronger the relationship between the scores.

31) Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is most consistent with

the core knowledge perspective.

83) Research on the Flynn effect indicates that the largest generational IQ gains have occurred on

fluid-ability tests of spatial reasoning.

45) Which of the following measures of infant performance best predicts later intelligence?

habituation and recovery to visual stimuli

70) Jensen's article, "How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?" was controversial because he argued that

heredity is largely responsible for individual, ethnic, and SES differences in IQ.

71) According to Herrnstein and Murray's book, The Bell Curve,

heredity plays a sizable role in the black-white IQ gap.

73) Jack and Jake are fraternal twins who were reared together. Tom and Tim are identical twins who were reared apart. Based on prior research, one would expect the IQ correlation to be

higher for Tom and Tim than for Jack and Jake.

Thurstone questioned the importance of g because

his factor analysis indicated that separate, unrelated factors exist

84) Between 1932 and 2002, IQ

increased by a total of 22 points.

46) Derek's intelligence quotient (IQ) of 100

indicates the extent to which his raw score deviates from the typical performance of same-age individuals.

123) Task-focused motivation

is necessary for creativity.

Compared to Piagetian and information-processing views, the psychometric approach

is product-oriented and largely concerned with outcomes and results.

111) Research on Head Start programs has shown that

its benefits in IQ and academic achievement often disappear during the first two to three years of elementary school

28) Regan demonstrates high linguistic intelligence. According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, she would perform well as a

journalist.

To overcome the limitations of factor analysis, investigators conduct componential analyses to

look for relationships between aspects of information processing and children's intelligence test performance.

103) Research on school achievement suggests that

many students who get passing grades fail high-stakes exams because a time-limited test taps only certain skills.

104) Students most likely to score poorly on high-stakes exams are

minority youths living in poverty.

118) Which of the following tasks measures divergent thinking?

naming uses for common objects, such as a newspaper

78) Heritability estimates computed within black and white populations provide

no direct evidence on what accounts for between-group differences.

109) Kinship research suggests that

nonshared environmental factors are more powerful than shared influences on IQ.

26) Sternberg's triarchic theory helps explain why

out-of-school, practical forms of intelligence are vital for life success.

115) One factor that contributes to the enduring impact of high-quality early intervention programs is an emphasis on

parent involvement, education, and support.

51) Ten-year-old Andrea has an IQ of 130. This means that she

performed as well as or better than 98 percent of her same-age peers.

43) Infant tests, including previous editions of the Bayley, are

poor predictors of later intelligence.

108) Research has shown that family living conditions, such as those measured by HOME,

predict children's IQ beyond the contribution of parental IQ and education.

63) Practical intelligence

predicts on-the-job performance as well as IQ.

Componential analyses reveal that __________ is/are moderately related to general intelligence and to gains in mental test performance over time.

processing speed

34) As a teacher, Kris has begun providing lessons to students that teach emotional understanding, respect and caring for others, strategies for regulating emotion, and resistance to unfavorable peer pressure because Kris knows that

providing experiences that meet students' social and emotional needs can improve their adjustment.

90) Compared to low-SES black parents, middle-SES white parents are more likely to ask their children

questions that have a "right" answer.

124) Gifted children and adolescents

report more emotional and social difficulties than their ordinary agemates.

Before Binet and Simon's test, other researchers tried to assess intelligence using

simple measures of sensory responsiveness and reaction time

59) In thousands of studies, correlations between IQ and achievement test scores typically fall between

.50 and .60.

49) When intelligence tests are standardized, the mean IQ is set at

100.

40) Which of the following statements is true about measuring intelligence?

Achievement tests assess a narrower range of skills than intelligence and aptitude tests.

68) Which of the following statements is supported by current research on ethnic differences in general intelligence among children?

American black children score, on average, 10 to 12 IQ points below American white children.

__________'s model is the most comprehensive factor-analytic classification of mental abilities to date

Carroll

__________ was the first influential factor analyst.

Charles Spearman

99) Which of the following statements is supported by research on dynamic testing?

Children's capacity to transfer what they have learned to novel problems adds considerably to the prediction of future test performance.

Which of the following statements is true regarding crystallized and fluid intelligence

Crystallized and fluid intelligence show little relationship when children differ greatly in cultural and educational experiences

87) Research on race and ethnicity indicates that

DNA variation is greater within races than between races.

62) Which of the following statements is true regarding IQ and occupational success?

Educational attainment is a stronger predictor than IQ of occupational success and income

33) Which of the following statements is supported by research on social and emotional intelligence?

Emotional intelligence is positively associated with self-esteem and life satisfaction.

30) The existence of children with autism who excel in numerical and spatial skills provides support for __________'s theory of intelligence.

Gardner

60) If Shayla's scholastic achievement is related to her IQ, how do some researchers explain this correlation?

IQ and achievement depend on the same abstract reasoning processes that underlie g.

86) Research on the Flynn effect indicates that

IQ gains between generations present a major challenge to the assumption that ethnic variations in IQ are mostly genetic.

88) Although not all experts agree, some maintain that IQ tests are fair to both majority and minority children because

IQ tests predict academic achievement equally well for both groups.

96) Which of the following statements is true regarding stereotype threat and test performance?

If aware of ethnic stereotypes, African-American and Hispanic children perform far worse in "test" conditions than in "not a test" conditions.

Evaluators, using the componential approach, have found that Maisie is exceptionally intelligent. Which of the following statements best describes how they would explain her high level of intelligence?

Maisie's high level of intelligence is entirely due to causes within her

89) Which off the following statements contributes to IQ test bias against ethnic minorities?

Negative stereotypes about the test-taker's ethnic group can undermine children's IQ performance

112) Rami comes from a poverty-stricken family and attends Head Start. Which of the following statements is true about Rami?

Rami is less likely to be placed in special education or retained in grade.

In 1916, __________ adapted the Binet intelligence test for use with English-speaking schoolchildren.

Terman

114) Which of the following statements is supported by research on Head Start?

The lifetime return to society is estimated to be more than $300,000 on an investment of $17,000 per preschool child.

113) Which of the following statements is true about graduates of the Carolina Abecedarian Project?

Treatment children sustained their IQ advantage until last tested at age 21.

101) Studies of standardized testing provide evidence that

U.S. education is placing greater emphasis on traditional test scores.

64) Which of the following statements is true regarding IQ and practical intelligence?

Unlike IQ, practical intelligence does not vary with ethnicity.

Moses and Arianne are doing research on mental abilities that contribute to successful performance on intelligence tests. Which of the following approaches should they use?

Use a correlational procedure of factor analysis

81) Valerie, a child of a low-IQ biological mother, was adopted into a middle-SES family at a young age. Based on prior research, one would expect that

Valerie would have about the same IQ as her adoptive parents' biological children.

98) Dynamic assessment is consistent with

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development.

38) The __________ were the first to use samples representing the total population of the United States to devise standards for interpreting test scores.

Wechsler tests

121) According to the investment theory of creativity, which of the following children exhibits an essential characteristic of creativity?

Yasmin has the ability to find problems.

47) Test designers engage in standardization by giving IQ tests to

a large, representative sample.

Carroll represents the structure of intelligence as

a pyramid with g at the top, broad abilities in the second tier, and narrow abilities in the third tier

In Sternberg's theory, individuals who are high in practical intelligence excel at

adapting their thinking to fit with the demands of their everyday worlds

53) Studies examining the correlational stability of IQ suggest that

after age 6, IQ scores become more stable.

Spearman proposed the concept of g after he found that

all test items he examined correlated with one another

39) The SAT is an __________ test, whereas a college professor's final exam is a(n) __________ test.

aptitude; achievement

37) The fluid reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working-memory factors of the Stanford-Binet

are assumed to be less culturally biased than the other factors.

48) Intelligence tests are constructed so that IQ scores

are distributed according to a normal curve.

66) Research has shown that persistently aggressive children and adolescents

are especially deficient in verbal ability.

119) Tests of divergent thinking

are known as the psychometric approach to creativity.

35) The Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler tests

are most often used to identify highly intelligent children and diagnose those with learning problems.

Binet and Simon's intelligence test was the first to

associate items of increasing difficulty with chronological age

27) Gardner defines intelligence in terms of

at least eight independent intelligences that are based on distinct sets of processing operations.

To reconcile Spearman's and Thurstone's views, current theorists and test designers assume that

at the highest level, g is presumed to be present to some degree in all separate factors

82) Marita is an African-American child who was adopted into an economically well-off white family when she was a baby. Findings from several adoption studies predict that Marita will

attain a mean IQ 20 to 30 points higher than the typical scores of children growing up in low-income black communities.

65) Higher-IQ children and adolescents tend to

be better-liked by their agemates.

97) Ella is African American. As she goes through middle childhood, she will

become increasingly conscious of ethnic stereotypes

50) Andre has an IQ of 115. He performed __________ than _____ percent of his agemates.

better; 84

91) Misty, an African-American child, lives in a home where the adults use a topic-associating style. Misty's narratives are most likely to

blend several similar experiences.

80) The Texas Adoption Project and other similar investigations confirm that

both environment and heredity contribute to IQ.

79) Adoption research has shown that

children of low-IQ biological mothers scored above average in IQ during the school years when adopted at birth by high-IQ parents.

92) Alonzo and Rita are ethnic minority parents without extensive schooling. When they are involved in completing tasks with their children, they are most likely to prefer a(n) __________ style of communication.

collaborative

85) Which of the following factors accelerate the Flynn effect among specific children of a given generation?

college-educated mothers

Wally is especially good at generating novel solutions when presented with difficult problems. Sternberg's triarchic theory would rate Wally as high in __________ intelligence.

creative

120) According to Sternberg's and Lubart's investment theory of creativity,

creativity depends on a person's cognitive, personality, motivational, and environmental resources.

122) Research on creativity demonstrates that

creativity involves alternating between divergent and convergent thinking.

On intelligence tests, vocabulary, general information, and arithmetic problems are examples of items that emphasize __________ intelligence

crystallized

In Cattell's theory of intelligence, __________ refers to skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgment, and mastery of social customs, whereas __________ depends more heavily on basic information-processing skills

crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence

36) The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, measures general intelligence and five intellectual factors:

fluid reasoning, quantitative reasoning, knowledge, visual-spatial processing, and working memory

41) To compensate for infants' unpredictable behaviors, some tests

depend heavily on information supplied by parents.

44) Because most infant scores do not tap the same dimensions of intelligence assessed in older children, they are labeled __________ rather than IQs.

developmental quotients

The goal of Binet and Simon's original intelligence test was to

devise an objective method for assigning pupils to special classes

93) While learning to do long division, Tevon did not receive any feedback as to whether he was on the right track. As a result, Tevon began giving the first answer that came into his head. Tevon's reaction in this situation is known as

disruptive apprehension.

According to Thurstone, intelligence consists of

distinct primary mental abilities.

100) In his 6th grade classroom, Mr. Kellerman individualizes instruction to each child's needs to help the child move beyond her current level of development. Mr. Kellerman is most likely using

dynamic assessment.

29) Gardner believes that

each intelligence has a unique biological basis and a distinct course of development.

61) Longitudinal research shows that by second grade, children with the highest IQs are more likely to

enter prestigious professions in adulthood.

102) Because the main goal of high-stakes testing is to upgrade the performance of poorly achieving students, low-income and ethnic minority children are

especially likely to be exposed to narrowly focused, regimented teaching.

69) Research on ethnic differences in IQ shows that

ethnicity and SES account for only about one-fourth of the total variation in IQ.

77) Studies of heritability and SES variations in IQ show that

factors associated with low income and poverty prevent children from attaining their genetic potential

56) Longitudinal research reveals that the IQ scores of most children __________ during childhood and adolescence.

fluctuate 10 to 20 points