Chapter 8

Eleven-year-old Meagan has some doubts about Ian's claim that he is the smartest student in the school. This is likely due to

her increased skepticism regarding others' claims.

Which of the following are aspects of the development of the self-understanding in middle and late childhood?

increased recognition of social aspects of self increasing social comparison increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description

In the postconventional reasoning level, morality is more

internal.

In contrast to Kohlberg, Haidt believes that moral thinking is more

intuitive.

Members of which two of the following groups are most likely to be enrolled in academic college preparatory programs?

non-Latino Whites Asian- Americans

Self-esteem and self-concept are rooted in

parent-child interaction.

Because learning occurs during give and take, as children move through elementary school

peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important.

What are the three levels of moral thinking according to Kohlberg?

postconventional conventional preconventional

Aggression, emotion, and___behavior are three areas of socioemotional development in which gender similarities and differences have been studied.

prosocial

Which of the following are three research areas of socioemotional development in which gender similarities and differences have been studied extensively?

prosocial behavior emotion aggresion

In Haidt's view, much of morality begins with

rapid evaluative judgments.

Which of the following becomes especially important in peer interchanges during the elementary school years?

reciprocity

Positive peer relationships in middle and late childhood involve which of the following?

resolving conflicts in nonaggressive ways maintaining quality friendships

Compared with schools in higher-income areas, schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage ______ learning.

rote

Between the ages of 8 and 11, children's descriptions of themselves become more psychological and less concrete, demonstrating the development of

self-understanding

Which of the following types of reasoning focuses on rules established to control behavior and maintain the social system?

social conventional

According to critics, Kohlberg's theory ignored which of the following?

the role of emotion the importance of gender whether moral reasoning is conscious or automatic

Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for placing ______ emphasis on moral thought and ______ emphasis on moral behavior.

too much; not enough

The preconventional reasoning has sometimes been described as _____.

"What's in it for me?"

In terms of developmental changes in peer interaction, children's preference for same-sex peer groups increases until the age of

12

Which of the statements is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?

Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.

reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Conventional

According to Kohlberg, which of the following are true of the timing of the three levels of moral development?

Conventional reasoning begins to appear in early adolescence. The levels occur in a sequence. Only a small number of individuals in early adulthood reason in postconventional ways.

Differences between the sexes stem from primarily biological factors.

False

Most people have begun to reason in postconventional ways by early adulthood.

False

True or false: In middle and late childhood, children become less skeptical and more accepting of claims made by others, particularly those that involve social desirability.

False

in friendships is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.

Intimacy

As compared to younger children, children in middle to late childhood would be more likely to describe themselves as

Kind

______ cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for ______ theory, but in the latter model there are three levels of moral development.

Piaget's; Kohlberg's

In terms of peer status, the ______ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.

Popular

Which of the following is true about self-esteem?

Self-esteem sometimes reflects perceptions that do not match reality.

Which of the following are possible disadvantages of schools in low-income areas?

The buildings are more likely to be older and in disrepair. They may have environments that aren't conducive to learning. They are more likely to encourage rote learning. They are more likely to have low achievement test scores.

When viewing gender differences, which of the following must be considered?

There is considerable overlap between the sexes even when differences are reported. The differences are averages. The source of the differences may be biological, sociocultural, or both.

What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory?

There is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior.

Which of the following are true of many inner-city schools?

They are still segregated. They are grossly underfunded. They do not provide adequate opportunities for effective learning.

As compared to conventional rules, which of the following are true about moral rules?

They are widely accepted. They involve concepts of justice. They focus on ethical issues.

True or false: Children's social cognition about their peers becomes increasingly important for understanding peer relationships in middle and late childhood.

True

True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives children an opportunity to identify the perspective of another person.

True

True or false: Low self-esteem can either be a result of an accurate perception of one's shortcomings or a reflection of insecurity.

True

Positive peer relations in childhood have been linked to which of the following in adulthood?

better relationships with coworkers higher occupational status

Research has shown that teachers can function as cultural mediators in which of the following ways?

by learning more about different ethnic groups by displaying sensitivity to biased content by viewing students of color positively

In middle and late childhood, self-description increasingly involves psychological and social characteristics, including social

comparison.

Self-esteem reflects perceptions that ________ reality.

do not always match

In the___theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.

domain

Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience?

domain theory

Self-___is also referred to as self-worth, or self-image.

esteem

"I am a good person" is a statement that refers to a person's self-___(concept/esteem). "I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self-___(concept/esteem).

esteem, concept

Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level is characterized by which of the following?

expectations about social roles

Self-esteem refers to ______ self evaluations, whereas self-concept refers to domain-______ evaluations.

global; specific