Chapter 8 Joints

Abduction

"moving away", movement of limb away from the midline

Adduction

"moving toward", the movement of a limb toward the body

Supination

"turning backward", turning palm in anatomical position forward

Pronation

"turning forward", turning palm to face back

Types of synovial joints:

1. Gliding 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Condylar 5. Saddle 6. Ball and socket

Examples of flexion

1. bending the head forward on the chest 2. bending the body trunk or the knee from a straight to an angled position

types of angular movements:

1. flexion 2. extension 3. hyperextension 4. abduction 5. adduction

types of special movements:

1. inversion 2. eversion 3. dorsiflexion 4. plantar flexion 5. pronation 6. supination 7. protraction 8. retraction 9. elevation 10. depression 11. opposition

types of rotary movements:

1. rotation 2. circumduction

Examples of extension

1. straightening a flexed neck 2. straightening body trunk 3. straightening elbow

Joints are points of contact between:

Bones, cartilage and bone, teeth and bone

Structurally there are 3 types of joints:

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

A suture is a ________ joint and is __________ functionally.

Fibrous, synarthrotic

There are 2 classifications of joints:

Structural and Functional

Functionally there are 3 types of joints:

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Symphyses

a cartilaginous amphiarthrotic joint, where fibrocartilage unites the bone. Absorbs shock and permits limited movement. Example; intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis

Cartilaginous joints

articulating bones joined by cartilage, lack a joint cavity and are not highly movable

ligaments

bands that strengthen and reinforce synovial joints

Flexion

bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane, decreases the angle of the joint and bring the articulating bones closer together

Synovial joints

bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity. Permits substantial freedom of movement

Fibrous joints

bones that are joined by fibrous tissues, mainly dense fibrous connective tissue and no joint cavity is present

Synchondroses

cartilaginous synarthrotic joint, bones that are united by hyaline cartilage, virtually immovable. Examples epiphyseal plates and joint between the first rib and the sternum

A symphyses is a ______ joint and is functionally ______.

cartilaginous, amphiarthrotic

A synchondroses is a _______ joint and is functionally _____.

cartilaginous, synarthrotic

mensci

discs of fibrocartilage separating the articular surfaces, extend inward from the articular capsule and partially or completely divide the synovial cavity in two

Syndesmoses

fibrous amphiarthrotic joint, held together by a ligament. Short fibers occur in tibia and fibula with little or no movement. Long fibers occur in radius and ulna with a large amount of movement

Gomphosis

fibrous synarthrotic joint, "peg in socket" joint. Example is a tooth in socket

Suture

fibrous synarthrotic joint, occur only between bones of the skull. Held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Immovable.

A syndesmoses is a ______ joint and is _______ functionally.

fibrous, amphiarthrotic

A gomphosis is a ______ joint and is functionally ______.

fibrous, synarthrotic

bursae

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film go synovial fluid

diarthrosis

freely movable

synarthrosis

functional classification, no movement

amphiarthrosis

functional classification, slight movement

Angular movements

increase or decrease the angle between 2 bones

articular capsule

joint cavity is enclosed by a two-layered capsule, strengthens joint so the bones are not pulled apart. Has an inner synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid

Elevation

lifting a body part superiorly

gliding

movement allowed by synovial joint, occurs when one flat bone surfaces glides or slips over another. Occurs intercarpal and intertarsal joints. Hands

multiaxial movement

movement in all three planes of space and axes

uniaxial movement

movement in one place only

biaxial movement

movement in two places

Depression

moving a body part inferiorly

Circumduction

moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space

synovial fluid

occupies all free spaces within the joint capsule, provides a slippery, weight-bearing film that reduces friction between the cartilages

nonaxial movement

slipping movements only

Eversion

sole faces laterally

arthrology

study of joints

3 types of fibrous joints:

suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

Condylar joint

synovial joint, biaxial. Usually in the radius, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges

Saddle joint

synovial joint, biaxial. Usually in the thumb

articular cartilage

synovial joint, hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces. Absorbs compression placed on the joint and keeps the bone ends from being crushed

Pivot joint

synovial joint, monoaxial. Usually in the atlas, axis and proximal ends of the radius and ulna.

Hinge joint

synovial joint, monoaxial. Usually in the elbow and ankle

Ball and socket joint

synovial joint, multiaxial. Usually in the shoulder and hip

Gliding joint

synovial joint, non axial movement. Usually in the carpals and tarsals

Extension

the reverse of flexion and occurs at the same joints, sagittal plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones and typically straightens a flexed limb or body part

Inversion

the sole of the foot turns medially

Rotation

the turning of a bone around its own long axis, shoulder joints

Opposition

when you touch your thumb tot he tips of the other fingers