Chapter 8: Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering
What are the three components of a DNA nucleotide?
phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen base
A small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacteria that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes is called a(n)
plasmid
In translation, all of the elements needed to synthesize a _____, from the mRNA to the amino acids, are brought together on the ribosome.
protein
Which organic molecule is formed from chains of amino acids that are produced in translation?
protein
Which type of RNA composes ribosomal subunits?
rRNA
An event in which one bacterium donates DNA to another bacterium, resulting in a strain that differs from both donor and recipient, is a type of genetic transfer called
recombination
The transfer of genes from a donor to a recipient microorganism, forming a new strain different from both donor and recipient, is called
recombination
During ______, the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission.
replication
The process of duplicating DNA is called DNA ______.
replication
Unlike DNA, RNA contains the sugar called
ribose
Translation involves the assembly of a protein from amino acids on a ______.
ribosome
All DNA nucleotides contain the same ______, but different ______.
sugar and phosphate; nitrogenous bases
True or false: Only viruses can have an RNA genome.
true
What is the central theme of molecular biology?
DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein
Cellular genomes are composed of ______.
DNA only
The central theme of biology indicates that genetic information flows from ______.
DNA-RNA-protein
Match the definition of horizontal and vertical gene transfer.
Horizontal gene transfer- Transfer of DNA from a source other than the parent organisms Vertical gene transfer- Transfer of DNA from parent organisms during reproduction
The structure of DNA is essential for providing variety since the order of nucleotides is responsible for the unique qualities of each organism.
True
Unlike DNA, RNA contains the nitrogenous base
Uracil
Which group of microbes has representatives with either an RNA or DNA genome?
Viruses
In DNA, each nucleotide is composed of a sugar called ______ , a nitrogenous ________ , and a _________ group.
deoxyribose, base, phosphate group
Ensuring that the DNA code is maintained during DNA replication and cell ___________ is one of the essential effects of DNA structure.
divison
The science of heredity is ______.
genetics
The study of the inheritance of living things is called
genetics
The ______ is the sum total of genetic material in an organism.
genome
Which term represents all of the genetic information within a cell?
genome
Transfer of DNA that results in organisms acquiring new genes that did not come directly from parent organisms is called ______ gene transfer.
horizontal
A copy of the DNA template corresponding to a protein-encoding gene is called _________ RNA.
messenger
Which type of RNA is a copy of a structural gene that codes for a protein?
messenger RNA
The genomes of cells are composed of
DNA
A codon contains how many nucleotides?
3
Which describes a plasmid?
A small circular piece of DNA that replicates its nonessential genes independently of the chromosome
Which term refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms?
Recombination
How do an Hfr cell and an F+ cell differ?
The plasmid is integrated into the chromosome of an Hfr cell but not in an F+ cell.
Which of the following are methods of gene transfer in bacteria?
Transduction Transformation Conjugation
The specific sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides, based on a DNA triplet, that encodes a particular amino acid is a(n) .
codon
After conjugation, the donor bacterium generally retains a copy of the genetic material that has been transferred, making conjugation a(n) _____________ process.
conservative
A sequence of DNA in a eukaryotic gene that does not code for protein is called a(n)
intron
Which term identifies a sequence of DNA in a eukaryotic gene that does not code for protein?
intron
Found interspersed between portions of the coding region within a eukaryotic gene, one to several sequences that do not code for protein are called ______.
introns
The letter A is pointing to two molecules of RNA.
transfer
The uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells is called
transformation
Three methods of gene transfer in bacteria are conjugation,_____________ , and transduction.
transformation