Chapter 8 Nutrition

________ prevent or limit the ability of radicals to damage polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA in cells.

Antioxidants

Dorothy is a 65-year-old woman with pernicious anemia. What treatment would her doctor recommend?

B-12 injections

Which of the following substances is a provitamin or a precursor for a vitamin?

Beta-carotene

Which of the following vitamins can be made by the human body?

D

According to results of scientific studies, taking megadoses of vitamin E is an effective way of lowering the risk of heart disease and cancer.

False

To conserve the vitamin C content of cabbage, add a teaspoon of baking soda to the cooking water before heating the cabbage.

False

Women who take high doses of riboflavin during pregnancy are more likely to deliver babies with birth defects than pregnant women who take high doses of vitamin A.

False

Which of the following foods is not a good source of vitamin E?

Ground beef

Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamin supplements more likely to cause toxicity than taking excess amounts of water-soluble vitamin supplements?

In general, it is more difficult for the body to eliminate fat-soluble vitamins than water-soluble vitamins.

Erika takes megadoses of vitamin B-6 because she thinks it benefits her health. After learning about this vitamin in your nutrition class, which of the following statements about vitamin B-6 would be the most accurate information to tell her?

Ingesting large doses of vitamin B-6 can cause nerve damage.

When cooking green beans, Jamal likes to add baking soda to the cooking water, because it keeps the color of the beans from turning olive green. As a result of this practice, Jamal's green beans have ________ than green beans cooked in plain water.

Less vitamin C

Matt is a vegan. As a result of his diet, he consumes no sources of preformed vitamin A. Which of the following statements explains why he has not developed a deficiency of vitamin A?

Matt's diet supplies high amounts of beta-carotene.

Which of the following statements is true?

Most vitamins cannot be synthesized by the human body.

________ is added to refined cereal grains during the grain enrichment process.

Niacin

________ are water-soluble vitamins.

Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin

________ are water-soluble vitamins.

Pantothenic acid, vitamin C, and thiamin

Which of the following statements is true?

Scientists think all vitamins have been discovered.

Which of the following statements is true?

Skin can form the previtamin D after being exposed to sunlight.

Which of the following statements is true about vitamins?

They are usually in foods that Americans commonly eat

________ is added to refined cornmeal during the grain enrichment process.

Thiamin

Kale is a rich source of vitamin K.

True

People can die from pellagra.

True

Scientists have discovered all essential vitamins.

True

The adult form of rickets is called osteomalacia.

True

The body can store large amounts of ________.

Vitamin B-12

Which of the following vitamins functions as a hormone in the human body?

Vitamin D

________ are fat-soluble vitamins.

Vitamins K, E, and D

________ is a carcinogen.

alcohol

Humans need vitamin B-6 for________.

amino acid metabolism

A researcher has isolated an organic, water-soluble chemical from roses. After performing in vivo tests, the scientist determines that the chemical supplies no energy for cells, but protects cell membranes from being damaged by certain environmental factors. Based on this information, the researcher may have discovered a(an) ________.

antioxidant

An ________ is a substance that protects vulnerable molecules from radicals.

antioxidant

Jamal wants to lower his risk of cancer. He should ________.

avoid drinking alcohol

In general, yellow, red, and orange fruits and vegetables are rich sources of ________.

beta-carotene

The human body can absorb some ________ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

biotin

Eating cruciferous vegetables regularly may reduce the risk of cancer. Which of the following foods is a cruciferous vegetable?

cabbage

Excessive vitamin D consumption can result in ________.

deposition of calcium in soft tissues

The classic signs and symptoms of pellagra include________.

dermatitis

According to results of scientific studies, people who take dietary supplements of vitamin A or beta-carotene have a lower risk of developing cancer.

false

Beta-carotene is the most biologically active form of vitamin A.

false

Night blindness is an early symptom of vitamin D deficiency.

false

Vitamin K is a powerful antioxidant.

false

Vitamins E, K, C, and D are fat-soluble vitamins.

false

Of the following foods, which is the richest source of riboflavin?

fat-free milk

The human body needs vitamin K to________.

form active blood clotting factors

When consumed with certain plant foods, vitamin C enhances the absorption of________.

iron

______ cancer causes the most cancer-related deaths among American men and women.

lung

Having excess body fat increases the risk of________.

not diverticulosis

Which of the following foods provides the most beta-carotene per serving?

not pear

Chino wants to lower his risk of cancer. According to scientific studies, consuming ________ may decrease his risk of this chronic disease.

not processed meat

Which vitamin is needed to make coenzyme A?

pantothenic acid

Which of the following hormones acts to increase calcium absorption and decrease urinary calcium excretion?

parathyroid hormone

In general, B vitamins function as________.

parts of coenzymes

Cooper eats a lot of refined grain products that have not been enriched with nutrients. He likes to eat fresh fruit, cabbage, and corn; but he avoids pork, beef, poultry, chicken, eggs, and dairy foods. Recently, he has been feeling tired, and his muscles are not as strong as they used to be. The skin of his face and neck has red and scaly patches. For the past couple of days, he has had bouts of diarrhea. Based on this information, Cooper probably is suffering from________.

pellagra

Vitamin D helps the body absorb ________.

phosphorus and calcium

Sam wants to lower his risk of colorectal cancer. According to scientific studies, consuming ________ may increase his risk of this chronic disease.

processed meats

Blake is a college student whose diet consists primarily of refined white bread, chicken, meat, cheese, yogurt, and milk. Furthermore, he doesn't take dietary supplements. Based on this information, Blake has a high risk of developing________.

scurvy

Which of the following foods is a rich source of vitamin K?

spinach

The liver needs vitamin K to________.

synthesize prothrombin

Sonya has a chronic illness, and to treat the condition, she takes an antibiotic every day. Despite her illness, Sonya's diet is nutritionally adequate, and she exercises regularly. Based on this information, Sonya may need to ________.

take a dietary supplement that contains biotin

Damonhas a chronic illness, and to treat the condition, he takes an antibiotic every day. Despite his illness, Damon's diet is nutritionally adequate, and he exercises regularly. Based on this information, Damon may need to ________.

take a dietary supplement that contains vitamin K

Niacin is a water-soluble vitamin.

true

The human body may absorb some of the ________ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

vitamin K

In the United States, newborns receive an injection of ________ to prevent ________.

vitamin K; bleeding

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin C?

white potato

Which of the following foods is not a good source of thiamin?

whole milk