Chapter 8 Smartbook

Which of the following are research findings on the impact of intergenerational relationships on emerging adults? (Select all that apply.)

Supportive parenting in childhood is linked to positive relationships between middle-aged parents and their adult children. A high level of family hostility during adolescence is strongly linked to a high level of marital hostility later in life. Children of divorce are disproportionately likely to end their own marriage.

Research has shown that prolonged, intense parent-adolescent conflict has been associated with which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Teen pregnancy and early marriage Higher levels of anxiety and depression

Research supports which of the following findings about securely attached adults and emerging adults? (Select all that apply.)

Those who were securely attached at 1 year of age were securely attached 20 years later. They sometimes see changes in their attachment patterns after the death of a parent or divorce They are more likely to describe their early relationship with their parents as securely attached.

True or false: Coparenting that consists of poor coordination, active undermining of the other parent, and lack of cooperation places adolescents at developmental risk.

True

Ruth Chao argues that Asian American parents use an authoritarian parenting style that is distinct from that of other cultures. Unlike Asian American parents, authoritarian parents from other cultures often exhibit which of the following?

Unnecessarily domineering control

Which of the following are examples of insecure attachment patterns as classified by the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)? (Select all that apply.)

Unresolved/disorganized Dismissing/avoidant Preoccupied/ambivalent

According to Baumrind, which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents? (Select all that apply.)

Weak communication skills Unhappiness and fear Failure to initiate activity Anxiety about comparing themselves with others

Of the following, which is the most common cause of parent-adolescent conflict?

Curfew

The concept of multiple trajectories involves the timing of various life events.

developmental

The capacity to relinquish childlike dependency on parents is defined as autonomy.

emotional

During adolescence, parent-child conflict most often involves ______.

everyday events

In ______ attachment, infants either avoid, show resistance to, or are ambivalent toward the caregiver.

insecure

Compared to boys, girls exhibit ______ emotional autonomy when going away to college.

less

Adopted children are (more/less) likely than nonadoptees to experience adjustment problems, such as anxiety and attention problems.

more

African Americans and Latinos interact ______ often with extended family members compared to White children.

more

In general, mothers of adolescents are ______ involved with their children compared to fathers.

more

The idea that an adult follows one path while an adolescent follows a different path and how these paths mesh describes the concept of ______.

multiple developmental trajectories

Most often, adolescents and emerging adults from divorced families

show poorer adjustment than their counterparts in nondivorced families.

Gender differences in autonomy are most likely to occur in families with a(n) ______ gender-role orientation.

traditional

Ruth Chao suggests that the authoritarian child-rearing style is best conceptualized as a type of ______ in Asian American parenting.

training

Why is Baumrind's authoritative parenting style the most effective? (Select all that apply.)

a balance is established between control and autonomy adolescents are more receptive to parental influence adolescents are allowed to express their views

Custodial fathers experience the loss of about _______ of their predivorce income.

10 percent

Researchers estimate about ______ percent of parent-adolescent relationships are characterized by continued, intense, and unhealthy conflict.

20 to 25

Custodial mothers experience the loss of about ______ of their predivorce income.

25 to 50 percent

In 1971, Diana Baumrind described ______ styles of parenting based on warmth and involvement.

4

Which of the following is least beneficial in helping children adjust to divorce?

A difficult temperament

Baumrind's four styles of parenting balance which of the following dimensions? (Select all that apply.)

Acceptance Control Responsiveness Demand

Research has shown that low levels of parental monitoring are associated with which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Adolescent depression Substance use

Compared to non-Latino White Americans, which of the following ethnic groups have higher rates of single-parent families?

African Americans Latino Americans

According to Baumrind, which type of parents place firm limits and controls on their child, allow little verbal exchange, and might spank their child frequently?

Authoritarian

According to Baumrind, what type of parents expect mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior from their child, and show pleasure and support when their child exhibits constructive behavior?

Authoritative

Which type of parenting style is the most important to adopt after a divorce?

Authoritative

Which of the following are research findings on the impact of family processes on divorced families? (Select all that apply.)

Authoritative parenting improves adolescent adjustment. When divorced parents can maintain a cordial relationship, frequent visits by the noncustodial parent benefit the adolescent. Harmony between the divorced parents improves adolescent adjustment. Intense and prolonged conflict between divorced parents is linked to emotional problems in adolescents.

Baumrind argued that parents should NOT do which of the following?

Be punitive or aloof

Which of the following demonstrate adolescent emotional autonomy? (Select all that apply.)

Becoming less dependent on parents for emotional support De-idealizing their parents Perceiving their parents as people

Which of the following are tenets of the new model of parent-adolescent relationships? (Select all that apply.)

Conflict is moderate rather than intense. Minor disputes are normal and serve the development of independence. Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems.

Parent-adolescent conflict begins to increase during which period?

Early adolescence

When parents demonstrate parental solidarity such as cooperation, mutual respect, and balanced communication, adolescents are likely to which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Demonstrate competence in peer relations Engage in fewer risky behaviors Develop positive attitudes toward both males and females

Competent adolescent development is most likely to happen when adolescents have parents who do which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Demonstrate sustained interest in their children's lives Show their children warmth and respect Communicate expectations for high standards of conduct and achievement

According to a review of research on developmental outcomes, adopted children are at higher risk of which of the following adjustment problems?

Depression ADHD Aggression

Hazan and Shaver (1987) found that young adults who reported their romantic relationships as securely attached were more likely to do which of the following?

Describe their early relationship with their parents as securely attached

True or false: The United States has a lower level of parent-adolescent conflict than India and Japan.

False

True or false: The adolescent push for autonomy is usually the result of negative feelings toward parents.

False

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children raised by indulgent parents?

Fear and low self-esteem

Which of the following cultural trends affect families in the 21st century? (Select all that apply.)

Fewer extended-family households Greater family mobility Migration to urban areas

Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply.)

Friendliness with peers Good stress-coping skills Cheerfulness and self-control Cooperativeness with adults Self-reliance and achievement orientation

According to a study by Joseph Allen and his colleagues, securely attached adolescents were more likely to do which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Have positive peer relations Be in an exclusive relationship in early adulthood

Which of the following is not a common characteristic of sibling relationships?

Indifference

Particularly after they leave home, emerging adults find that their relationship with their parents tends to do which of the following?

Improve

Psychologically healthy families adjust to adolescent desire for independence and autonomy by doing which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Including adolescents more in family decision making Treating adolescents more like an adult

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children raised by neglectful parents?

Independence

According to Baumrind, what type of parents are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child?

Indulgent

How does the old model of parent-adolescent relationships characterize conflict?

Intense and stressful

Cross-cultural research suggests that parent-adolescent conflict is lower in ______ than in the United States. (Select all that apply.)

Japan India

Research has shown that higher levels of parental monitoring result in lower rates of which of the following?

Marijuana use

Which of the following are appropriate roles for parents of adolescents to play? (Select all that apply.)

Monitor of social relationships Regulator of opportunities Social initiator and arranger

Children and adolescents who exhibit the poorest adjustment to parental divorce are those who have been involved in how many parental divorces?

Multiple

Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?

Neglectful

Critics of Baumrind note that her parenting style categories reflect only a ______ view of child development.

North American

Fathers are more likely to be involved in their children's lives when their children are ______.

boys.

Which of the following is the best definition for boundary ambiguity?

Role uncertainty

Which of the following is a research finding about the relationship between attachment in adolescence and the quality of romantic relationships in adulthood?

Securely attached adolescents have a greater capacity for romantic intimacy.

Which of the following are findings of research on adult attachment styles?

Securely attached adults have fewer sleep disruptions. Anxiously attached adults report higher levels of health anxiety. Insecure attachment in adults is associated with increased risk of chronic disease.

Which of the following trends is TRUE concerning divorce rates in the U.S.?

The U.S. divorce rate has declined since the 1980s.

Researchers have found that adolescents are more likely to have a difficult time going away to college when which of the following is true?

Their parents are divorced.

Researchers have found which of the following to be true concerning African American fathers who are involved with their children?

They have a good relationship with their biological father.

Which of the following characterize the relationships most emerging adults have with their parents after they leave home?

They share more with their parents than when they lived at home. Their relationships with their parents improve. They are psychologically closer to their parents.

Research has shown that adolescents and emerging adults from divorced families are more likely to have which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

academic problems anxiety depression drug issues

The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other.

acceptance; demand

Which of the following age groups has experienced a decline in divorce rates in the 21st century?

adults 30 to 39 years of age

According to Hazan and Shaver, someone who agrees with the statement, "I often worry my partner doesn't love me. I tend to be jealous and not very trusting," most likely represents someone with a(n) attachment style.

anxious

In general, spouses are less likely to be faithful when one of the partners has a(n) attachment style.

anxious

Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.

authoritarian

Counter to Baumrind's theories, the ______ parenting approach has shown positive outcomes for some ethnic groups.

authoritarian

According to Baumrind, children whose parents are are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, and achievement oriented.

authoritative

Competent adolescent development is most likely to happen when adolescents have parents who display a(n) parenting style when dealing with problems and conflict.

authoritative

Research finds that the most effective of Baumrind's parenting styles is the parenting style.

authoritative

parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.

authoritative

parenting style is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.

authoritian

According to Hazan and Shaver, someone with a(n) ______ attachment style would most likely agree with the statement, "I am uncomfortable getting close to others and rarely allow myself to depend on anyone else."

avoidant

The insecure attachment pattern in which individuals deemphasize the importance of attachment and experience consistent rejection is referred to as dismissing or attachment.

avoidant

With regard to autonomy granting, ______ are given more independence than ______.

boys; girls

Many of the problems experienced by children of divorced parents begin ______ the divorce.

before

Research indicates that parent-adolescent conflict generally declines ______.

between early and late adolescence

Reciprocal socialization emphasizes the ______ relationship between genetics and environment that explains how a parent's harsh, hostile behavior may influence an adolescent's defiant, oppositional behavior and vice versa.

bidirectional

The uncertainty in stepfamilies about who is in or out of the family and who is responsible for certain tasks is referred to as .

boundary ambiguity

Parents can help adolescents reach their full potential by serving as an effective manager who ______. (Select all that apply.)

finds information helps structure choices makes contacts

Adolescents' willingness to disclose information to their parents about such things as activities, friends, and whereabouts is linked to _____. (Select all that apply.)

increased academic competence positive adjustment

According to Baumrind, children raised by parents never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way.

indulgent

According to Baumrind, the parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.

indulgent

Researchers refer to adolescents' decisions to disclose to their parents details about their whereabouts, friends, and activities as ______.

information management

Children raised by gay or lesbian parents are ______ popular and well-adjusted compared to children raised by heterosexual parents.

just as likely to be

According to Baumrind, the style of parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life.

neglectful

Children raised by parents tend to have poor self-control, low self-esteem, and have trouble with peer relationships and immaturity.

neglectful

Children raised by gay or lesbian couples are ______ than children of heterosexual parents to be lesbian, gay, or bisexual when they grow up.

no more likely

Most research suggests adolescents and emerging adults from divorced families show ______ adjustment compared to their counterparts in nondivorced families.

poorer

Adolescents who demonstrate a high degree of attachment-seeking behavior mixed with angry feelings typify the ______ attachment pattern.

preoccupied/ambivalent

The process by which children and adolescents socialize parents, just as parents socialize them is referred to as ______.

reciprocal socialization

John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth describe infants using the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment as exhibiting attachment.

secure

Which of the following are common roles that adolescent siblings play?

supports rivals communicators