Chapter 8 Smartbook

Organizational culture:

1. significantly affects work outcomes at all levels of the organization 2. represents beliefs and values shared among workers 3. is passed on to new employees through socialization and mentoring 4. helps employees understand why the organization does what it does 5. is the social glue that binds members of the organization together

Horizontal

Expresses the extent to which the organization focuses its attention and efforts inward on internal dynamics and employees versus outward toward its external environment and customers.

For-profit organization

Formed to make money by offering products or services

Nonprofit organization

Formed to offer services to clients rather than make money

Expand your perspective by asking different questions

Try thinking about things such as "what surprised me about that situation?" or "What data might I be ignoring?"

Identify the three types of structures categorized as organizational designs with open boundaries.

Virtual Modular Hollow

Mutual-benefit organization

Voluntary collective formed to advance members' interests

What are the two types of information that organization charts reveal about organizational structure?

Who specializes in what work Who reports to whom

Authority in organizations means _____ -- managers must report and justify work results to the managers above them and are responsible for performing assigned tasks.

accountability

In the common elements of organizations, common purpose is realized through _______, which enables the work of individuals to combine in an organization-wide endeavor.

coordinated effort

Organizational design is concerned with which two activities?

creating structures of accountability and responsibility creating a structural design that will help an organization execute its strategies

A system of shared beliefs and values that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members is called organizational ______.

culture

An organization that wants to eliminate layers in favor of creating a culture where employees have more power should consider adopting a _____ organizational structure.

flattened

_____ embed preferred culture by describing organizational philosophy, mission, vision, and values.

formal statements

Which of the following represent traditional organizational designs?

functional matrix divisional simple

An organizational ______ is someone whose accomplishments embody the values of the organization and whose accomplishments are put forth to motivate other employees to do the right thing.

hero

If an organization wishes to become more controlling and authoritative toward its employees, it should consider adopting a(n) _____ structure.

hierarchical

Which of the following are outcomes associated with various types of organizational culture?

higher financial performance in market and hierarchy cultures higher market share in clan and market cultures more positive organizational outcomes in market cultures more positive work attitudes in clan cultures higher customer satisfaction in clan and market cultures

Coordinated effort, one of the four common elements of organizations proposed by Schein,

is represented by the coordination of individual efforts coming together into an organization-wide effort.

Division of labor, one of the four common elements of organizations proposed by Schein,

is the arrangement of having discrete parts of a task done by different people in an organization.

What is the BEST example of a mutual-benefit organization?

labor union

An organization's _____ can pay attention to, measure, and control a number of activities, processes,or outcomes in order to foster a certain culture.

leaders

What are three characteristics of an organization with a simple structure?

low work specialization authority in a single person a flat hierarchy

More positive organizational outcomes are associated with _____ cultures.

market

An organization where authority is centralized, tasks and rules are clearly specified, and employees are closely supervised is called _____.

mechanistic

Top-down structure and rigid rules are characteristics of a(n) _____ organization.

mechanistic

In organizational culture, a story is a(n)

narrative based on true events which is repeated in order to emphasize a particular value.

Symbols in organizational culture represent

objects or actions that convey an organization's most important values to others.

The readily apparent symbols and manifestations of an organization's culture are called its _____.

observable artifacts

The three types of organizational design are:

open boundaries horizontal traditional

A box-and-lines illustration showing the formal lines of authority and the organization's work specializations is called a(n) ______ chart.

organizational

A(n) _____ is a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more people.

organizational

In organizational culture, a hero is a(n)

person whose accomplishments embody the organization's values.

The extent to which your personality and values match the climate and culture in an organization is referred to as _____.

person-organization fit

Some businesses have created open-area workspaces where employees sit at desks that are side-by-side and no walls are between them. This is to foster collaboration among the staff. What aspect of culture change does this represent?

physical design

Which of the following can leaders pay attention to, measure, and control in order to change the organization's culture?

processes outcomes activities

The obligation you have to perform the tasks assigned to you in the organization is known as your _____.

responsibility

If an organization wishes to change its culture, managers can alter the types of _____ and status symbols they give out and to whom they give them.

rewards

Organizations can use _____, activities that celebrate important events or achievements for the organization, to change the organization's culture.

rites and rituals

Which of these would be considered observable artifacts in an organization?

rituals, decorations, and awards

Which of the following represent learning-related tools that can be leveraged to change an organization's culture?

role modeling coaching training

An organization that has authority centralized in a single person, as well as a flat hierarchy, few rules, and low work specialization, is using a _____.

simple structure

The number of people reporting directly to a given manager refers to _____.

span of control

Some of the strongest ways to embed organizational culture include which two of the following?

status symbols rewards

A _____ is a narrative about the company's history that is repeated by an organization's members in order to emphasize a particular value.

story

In terms of organizational culture, a _______ is an artifact, act, quality, or event that conveys an organization's most important values to others.

symbol

An organization comprised of many levels with narrow spans of managerial control is described as _____.

tall

According to Barnard's definition, which of the following examples represent organizations?

the BumbleBee or StarKist tuna companies with their thousands of employees a crew of two people coordinating their activities on a commercial tuna fishing boat

Which of the following statements regarding the horizontal design are true?

this design is also called a team-based design internal boundaries are broken down workgroups are used to improve collaboration

One method of changing organizational culture is to provide structured _____ as an in-depth introduction to organizational values.

training

Common purpose, one of the four common elements of organizations proposed by Schein,

unifies members and helps everyone understand the organization's reason for being.

Flat organizations generally have few levels with _______ spans of control, with one manager overseeing many employees.

wide

According to the competing values framework (CVF), organizational _____ varies along two dimensions

effectiveness

Formal statements can help to change an organization's culture by

embedding the culture in various organizational materials such as the mission, vision, and values statements.

Organizations wishing to change their culture may alter their physical layout and design in order to:

encourage employee productivity send a strong message about the culture

What is the most accurate description of person-organization fit?

A match between an individual's personality and values and those of the organization

__________ refers to the rights inherent in a managerial position to make decisions, give orders, and utilize resources.

Authority

Take ownership and accept responsibility

Avoid holding grudges when you are wrong. Instead - absorb, learn, understand, and move on.

_____ is the process of assigning managerial authority and responsibility to managers and employees lower in the hierarchy.

Delegation

_____ is the tendency of the parts of an organization to disperse and fragment.

Differentiation

A clan culture has what three characteristics?

Encourages collaboration among employees Strives to encourage cohesion through consensus and job satisfaction A family-type organization

Focus on being optimistic

Expand your perspective by asking different questions

Vertical

Expresses the extent to which an organization prefers flexibility and discretion versus stability and control.

Be more resourceful

Look for solutions to challenges, rather than problems

Display a proactive learning orientation

Maintain a desire to learn and improve your career readiness competencies

What occurs as a result of the horizontal organizational design?

Teams are used to improve collaboration and work

What are two suggestions for improving your adaptability in the workplace?

be proactive in learning situations be more resourceful

A(n) _____ organization is a fluid, highly adaptive organization whose members are linked by information technology and collaborate on common tasks.

boundaryless

Rites and rituals, which are activities and _____ used to celebrate important organizational events or achievements, can be leveraged in the process of culture change.

ceremonies

A _____ culture has an internal focus and values flexibility rather than stability and control.

clan

Research shows that employees have more positive work attitudes in organizations with a(n) _____ culture.

clan

In the elements of organizations, ________ unifies employees or members and gives everyone an understanding of the organization's reason for being.

common purpose

The process of fitting the organization to its environment is referred to as the _______ approach to organizational structure.

contingency

While Kirsten would have liked to ship all of the products at once, export fees limited her to shipping product out in small batches. Kirsten has fit her organization into the structure of the environment she uses for shipping. This is an example of _____ design.

contingency

The more subunits into which an organization breaks down, the more highly _____ it is.

differentiated

With _____, an organization can parcel out the entire complex work effort to be performed by specialists, which results in greater efficiency.

division of labor