chapter 8_Memory

source misattribution

memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Martha is studying the chapter on personality for her psychology exam. In order to make it easier to remember the Big Five traits (openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) she uses the first letter of each trait to spell OCEAN. Martha is using:

mnemonic device

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study of practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice.

mood-congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

flashbulb memory

A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event.

Reconsolodation theory was proposed by

Karim Nader

source amnesia

attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

source amnesia

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

state-dependent memory

The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.

echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

reconsolidation

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

long-term potentiation

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

semnatic memory

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention. (p. 305)

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

How does memory work?

encoding, storage, retrieval

Lara is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory of anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.

hippocampus

imagination inflation

a memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred

relearning

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard the news of the Sandy Hook school shootings in Newtown, Connecticut, in 2012. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.

flashbulb

Sensory memory is to _____ as long-term memory is to _____.

fleeting ; permanent

Recalling a visual scene of last month's party and holding it in working memory would be MOST likely to activate the right _____ lobe.

frontal

Luke experiences some damage to his cerebellum. Based on information provided in the textbook, Luke's _____ memory may be impaired.

implicit

Two-year-old Jackson's older brother popped a balloon in Jackson's face. This caused Jackson to become afraid when he next saw his brother with a balloon. This classically conditioned fear of the balloon is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

implicit

Jane often studies Spanish and French back to back right after school. She might have trouble remembering the different vocabulary because she is not minimizing _____.

interference

implicit memory

retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called procedural memory.)

The phenomena of forgetting information learned while intoxicated until the person is once again intoxicated BEST reflects:

state - dependent memory

self-reference effect

tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves

retroactive interference

the backward-acting disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

proactive interference

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

deja vu

the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

encoding failure

the inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory

infantile amnesia

the inability to remember events from early childhood

infantile amnesia

the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3

The primacy effect refers to the fact that:

the items presented first on a list are more likely to be remembered than items on the middle of the list.