Chapter 9, 11

Consider the sentence "Gloria, the glorious poodle, won the dog show. She has won this award for the second time." A correct anaphoric reference from this sentence would be ___.

"She" refers to Gloria the poodle

Which of the following pairs would have similar activation patterns when presented in an experiment that simulates error signals and changing connection weights?

"tuna" and "shark"

What is the relationship between prototypicality and reaction time?

Reaction time tends to be faster for objects rated higher in prototypicality.

What is a conclusion of creating situation models?

Readers create perceptions that match the situations described in sentences.

In the sentence "Ed was given a watch for his birthday," what is the new information?

Ed got a watch.

A situation model is similar to which of the following?

a film

Which of the following would likely represent a basic category?

a table

A person who inherited difficulty in perceiving music would be diagnosed with congenital ________.

amusia

Latrell is participating in a replication of Hoffman and Ralph's research on the multiple-factor approach. Which of the following stimulus words would Latrell likely rate highest for color?

apple

Suppose a young child sees a canary and says, "That's a robin," to which the child's mother responds, "No, that's a canary...Robins have red breasts." In this example, the mother's information specifically functions like ___.

back propagation

The word "cast"—when used to refer to a member of a play or a plaster cast—suggests

balanced dominance since both meanings are equally likely.

Which of the following words has the lowest frequency?

call

Without actively thinking about it, Janelle just knows that every type of cat has whiskers—instead of thinking that lions and leopards and tabby cats each have whiskers. Janelle's experience can best be described as ________.

cognitive economy

For thousands of years, telling stories has been an important method of sharing news and information across generations. To ensure that stories are accurately shared, a good storyteller needs to provide ________.

coherence

Which of the following is a parsing tool in written language?

comma

"Yeah" is a good example of ___ in conversations.

common ground

No offense to his old high school buddies, but after a visit back to his hometown, Reggie is always happy to get back to grad school where he can talk to people using words that have more than two syllables. Which term best reflects Reggie's experience?

common ground

If you were about to do a lexical decision task, you'd probably be ___.

distinguishing words from nonwords

Sandra worked hard to improve her diction and accent so she could be a successful stage actress in theaters around the world. But whenever she went home to visit her family, after a couple days she could hear her old New Jersey accent loud and clear. What is Sandra experiencing on these visits to her hometown?

entrainment

Wallington and Shallice would say that our neural approach for representing concepts is based on ________.

sensing and performing

Which of the following can be considered the most "personal" concept?

lexicon

What is the foundation of lexical priming?

meaning

Which of the following is NOT a key concern of psycholinguists regarding language?

meaning

Semantics is to syntax as _____ is to _____.

meaning; rule

Marjorie has been diagnosed with semantic dementia. Which of the following can she recognize?

neither a car nor a cat

In a parallel distributed processing model, connection weights are related to which of the following?

network activity

In a connectionist network model, units are to ________ as connections are to ________.

neurons; axons

Which of the following terms is correctly paired with its core concept?

parsing—grouping

Which of the following is NOT key to understanding the meaning of an ambiguous word?

pronunciation

Whenever Vera is with Parker she ends up feeling depressed. When Parker talks, every sentence starts out sounding normal but then seems to get low and soft at the end. The ________ of Parker's speech is bringing Vera down.

prosody

Rather than requiring strict adherence to categorical definitions, Wittgenstein favored the concept of ________.

resemblance

At its foundation, language enables people to communicate because it is based on ________.

rules and structure

Which of the following words and definitions are an example of dominant bias in meaning?

season: one of four periods in a calendar year

For which of the following categories would a definition probably be the MOST appropriate?

triangles

Check My Work The children's program Sesame Street has run a longtime segment showing children a set of objects and singing, "One of these things is not like the others." Children must decide which object does not fit in the group. Which concept is reflected in this children's educational game?

typicality

The Collin and Quillian semantic networks model has been criticized because it does not account for ________.

typicality

Which of the following would most people use to distinguish a hammer and a saw?

use

A fairly common way to test for the word frequency effect is to ___.

utilize the lexical decision task

What is the effect of spreading activation?

Concepts are primed.

What conclusion can we draw from instances where different scenes cause different processing of the same sentence?

Content of a scene can affect sentence processing.

How do experts versus nonexperts differ in terms of how they create categories, if at all?

Experts tend to use more specific categories. whereas nonexperts use more basic categories.

Many people think that Michelangelo's sculpture of David serves as an icon of male physical beauty. Which of the following best describes the sculpture in the context of cognitive psychology?

It is at a higher level than a prototype.

Which of the following statements accurately describes an actual consequence of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to an individual?

TMS would temporarily disrupt the functioning of a particular area of the brain.

Suppose we read that "Shakespeare wrote Hamlet while he was sitting at his desk." Which of the following would NOT indicate instrument inference from this sentence?

The type of chair that Shakespeare sat in was a stool.

The phrases "First National Bank" and "river bank" illustrate ___.

lexical ambiguity

In a semantic network, ___ should appear higher than ___.

fish; salmon

Which of the following concepts offers the medical community insights into rehabilitative services for people with brain damage?

graceful degradation

Sandeep is conducting research on the embodied approach to conceptual representation. His primary focus is on how subjects ________ a stimulus.

interact with

Tanak and Taylor built upon Rosch's research to demonstrate how ________ can affect our levels for categorizing concepts.

knowledge

Cassie thought that Rhonda, the new girl at school, was long-winded and spoke in never-ending, circular sentences. Cassie had to pay close attention to each word Rhonda said and decide where a logical phrase ended based on the next word that was spoken. Cassie is engaging in a very deliberate act of ________.

late closure

In Rosch's approach, subordinate is to _____ as superordinate is to ________.

specific; global

While traveling in Mexico, Ken overheard a shopkeeper say, "Encuentra la camisa verde y dársela a ese chico." Although the woman's speech sounded like a fast jumble of sounds, his one year of high school Spanish enabled him to pick out the words "verde" and "chico"—for "green" and "boy." Which term best describes Ken's experience at the shop?

speech segmentation

Which of the following orders lists the different levels of categories from most to least specific?

subordinate; basic; superordinate

Henry's first date with Malcolm was not going well. Malcolm had a habit of interrupting him by saying "Yeah, yeah, yeah" whenever he understood or agreed with something Henry said. It was very annoying. Yet after an hour, as their conversation became more animated, Henry found himself saying "Yeah, yeah, yeah" whenever he grasped what Malcolm was saying. Which term best describes what is occurring in this conversation?

syntactical priming

Which of the following is exemplified by garden path sentences?

temporary ambiguity

What is considered the central component of the hub and spoke model?

the anterior temporal lobe

When you use a hammer, sensory areas are activated in response to the various contours of the hammer. This example specifically illustrates ___.

the embodied approach

After Ahmad finished complaining about the stress of having a new baby in the house, Peter responded, "I have three kids, my friend. I know where you're coming from." What is Peter exhibiting in this conversation?

theory of mind

What is the relationship between the embodied approach and mirror neurons?

thinking

What is the dependent variable in the scientific verification technique used by Edward Smith?

time