Chapter 9 - 14 Combined for Final, Management Final Combined Info Rev 1
During which state of group development would group cohesiveness be a factor?
Norming
Tyler works for a large financial services firm. Each time he earns a professional certification in his field, he is rewarded with an increase in his salary. Which type of compensation plan does this describe?
Pay for knowledge
What type of compensation plan ties employee pay to the number of job-relevant skills or academic degrees they earn?
Pay for knowledge. (job-relevant skills)
Matt is one of those consistently upbeat, optimistic people. He always looks on the bright side of things and sees the glass as half-full, rather than half-empty. These characteristics describe Matt's.......
Personality
Using rewards or positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior.
Positive reinforcement.
___________ is the ability to marshal human, informational, and other resources to get something done. Power is primarily about influence.
Power
Referent Power
Power deriving from one's personal attraction.
Personalized power
Power directed at helping oneself-as a way of enhancing their own selfish ends may give the word power a bad name.
Expert Power
Power resulting from one's specialized information or expertise.
Using demands, threats, or intimidation to gain compliance in regards to a decision is an example of what persuasion tactic
Pressure tactic
Symptoms of a team suffering from groupthink?
Pressure to conform Ignoring of ethical consideration An illusion of unanimity
A(n) BLANK innovation is a change in the way a product or service in conceived, manufactured,or disseminated.
Process
Dialectic Method
Process of having two people or groups play opposing roles in a debate in order to better understand a proposal.
Employee assistance programs (EAPS)
Programs aimed at helping employees to cope with stress, burnout, substance abuse, health-related problems, family and marital issues and any general problem that negatively influences job performance.
Elements of change - two things to realize
1) Any change made in each and every target element will ripple across the entire organization 2) All organizational change ultimately affects the people in it and vice versa.
Training process - 5 step process
1) Assessment 2) Objective 3) Selection 4) Implementation 5) Evaluation
Five Conflict-handing styles
1) Avoiding: Ignoring or suppressing a conflict. Maybe the problem will go away. 2) Accommodating: Let's do it your way - smoothing or obliging. Allowing the desires of the other party to prevail 3) Forcing: Dominating - ordering an outcome, when a manager relies on his or her formal authority and power to resolve a conflict Do it my way. 4) Compromising: "Let's split the difference" - both parties give up something in order to gain something. 5) Problem solving: Or Collaborating, Integrating - Manager strives to confront the issue and cooperatively identify the problem, generating and weighing alternatives and selecting a solution.
Emotional Intelligence (EI) is associated with the following traits:
1) Better social relations, well-being, and satisfaction across all ages and contexts 2) Higher creativity 3) Better emotional control 4) Conscientiousness and self-efficacy 5) Self-rated performance
Innovation Systems - Creating
1) Create an innovation strategy 2) Get commitment from top managers 3) Foster an innovation culture and climate 4) Establish the required structure & processes 5) Obtain he necessary human capital 6) Institute the necessary human resource policies, practices, and procedures. 7) Obtain the appropriate resources.
Organizational Development process
1) Diagnosis - what is the problem 2) Intervention-what shall we do about it 3) How well has the intervention worked 4) Feedback - how can the diagnosis be further refined
Resistance can be the interaction of:
1) Employee characteristics 2) Change agent characteristics 3) Change agent-employee relationships
Big-Five personality dimensions
1) Extroversion 2) Agreeableness 3) Conscientiousness 4) Emotional Stability 5) Openness to experience
Group and Team development - stages
1) Forming - getting oriented and getting acquainted 2) Storming - Individual personalities roles emerge 3) Norming - Conflicts resolved, relationships develop, unity emerges. 4) Performing - Solving problems & competing the assigned task 5) Adjourning - Preparing for disbandment
Goal-Setting - Practical results
1) Goals should be specific 2) Certain conditions are necessary for goal setting to work 3) Gold should be linked to action plans 4) Performance feedback and participation in deciding how to achieve goals are necessary but not sufficient for goal setting to work.
Reasons Employees Resist Change - 10
1) Individuals' predisposition toward change. 2) Surprise and Fear of the Unknown 3) Climate of Mistrust 4) Fear of Failure 5) Loss of status or Job Security 6) Peer Pressure 7) Disruption of Cultural Traditions or group relationships 8) Personality Conflicts 9) Lack of Tack or Poor Timing 10) Non-reinforcing Reward System.
Myths about Innovation (2)
1) Innovation happens in a "eureka" moment 2) Innovation can be systematized
Goal-Setting - 4 motivational mechanisms
1) It directs your attention 2) It regulates the effort expended 3) It increases your persistence 4) It fosters use of strategies and action plans.
Managers should be concerned with motivation primarily for which of the following reasons?
1) Join your organization 2) Stay with your organization 3) Show up for work 4) Be engaged 5) Do extra for your organization
Motivation as a manager
1) Join your organization 2) Stay with your organization 3) Show up for work at your organization 4) Be engaged while at your organization 5) Do extra for your organization
Trends shaping the future of business
1) Marketplace is becoming more segmented 2)Competitors offering specialized solutions require we get products to market faster - speed 3) Some companies are unable to survive disruptive innovation 4) Offshore suppliers are changing the way we work 5) Knowledge, not information, is becoming the new competitive advantage.
Which of the following are the three critical psychological states identified by the job characteristics model? P.416
1) Meaningfulness of work 2) Responsibility for results 3) Knowledge of results
Diversity climate
A subcomponent of an organization's overall climate and is defined as the employee's aggregate "perceptions about the organization's diversity-related formal structure characteristics and informal values.
During the performing stage of team development, the group answers the question A. "Can we agree on roles and work as a team?" B. "Why are we here?" C. "Why are we fighting?" D. "Can we do the job properly?" E. "Who's in charge?"
D. "Can we do the job properly?"
The question individuals ask during the norming stage of group development is A. "How do I fit in here?" B. "What's next?" C. "How can I best perform my role?" D. "What do the others expect me to do?" E. "What's my role here?"
D. "What do the others expect me to do?"
Which of the following is a source of conflict in the workplace? A. Excessive communication B. Strict job boundaries C. Too many resources D. Lack of diversity E. Inconsistent goals
E. Inconsistent goals
______ is the process of having two people or groups play opposing roles in a debate in order to better understand a proposal. A. Storming B. Positive conflict C. Devil's advocacy D. Groupthink E. The dialectic method
E. The dialectic method
The theory of motivation that assets that motivation is the combination of how much you want something and how likely you think you are to get it is known as ___________________ theory.
Expectancy
Three psychological states
Experienced meaningfulness of work Experienced responsibility for work outcomes Knowledge of actual results of the work.
Mike half-jokingly calls deb "Tax Goddess" at work because she knows more about tax implications of investments than anyone else in the office. Deb has _________ power
Expert
Expert power: Influencing behavior because of one's expert
Expert power is power resulting from one's specialized information or expertise. Expertise, or special knowledge can be mundane, such as knowing the work schedules and assignments of the people who report you or sophisticated, such as having computer or medical knowledge.
Espoused values are
Explicitly stated values and norms preferred by an organization
Mark failed his last test and blamed it on the fact that the test was poorly written and the room was too noisy for him to concentrate, not because he didn't study for the test. Mark would be said to have a(n) __________ locus of control.
External
________________________ is the weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced.
Extinction
Weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced.
Extinction.
_____ is the weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced.
Extinction.
Conflict is naturally avoided when organizations are structured along functional lines
FALSE
Formal communication is the essence of a team, and what differentiates it from a group
FALSE
Generally speaking, the optimal team size is considered to be 12 to 15 members
FALSE
Job modeling is a socially determined set of rules for how an individual should behave in an organization
FALSE
One of the primary reasons norms are enforced is to leverage the group's power with management
FALSE
Organizations with too much conflict tend to be plagued by apathy and missed deadlines
FALSE
Over 20 years ago, Peter Drucker predicted that the future organization would be organized around teamwork, but that has yet to occur
FALSE
Participating on virtual teams necessarily requires individuals to be available for electronic communication 24 hours a day.
FALSE
Problem-solving teams consist of small groups of volunteers or workers and supervisors who meet intermittently to discuss workplace- and quality-related problems
FALSE
Research finds that the majority of workplace learning occurs in formal groups
FALSE
The norming stage of team development is a lengthy and painful one
FALSE
The tendency of a group or team to stick together is known as cooperation
FALSE
Twenty-five new employees from across the Kendall Automotive Technologies organization are attending an orientation, receiving information about company policies, and filling out various forms. These employees comprise a team
FALSE
When job boundaries are ambiguous, employees are less possessive, and conflict is likely to be minimized
FALSE
When parties to a conflict have deeply rooted, opposing value systems, the most appropriate method to handle the conflict is collaboration
FALSE
T or F: Max Weber felt that bureaucracy is irrational, inefficient, and not ideal for organizations.
False
T or F: Scientific management focused on ways to improve worker morale.
False
True/False: Work groups that experience too much conflict tend to be plagued by apathy, lack of creativity, indecision, and missed deadlines. Work groups with too little conflict, on the other hand, experience infighting, dissatisfaction, turnover, and a lack of teamwork.
False
B. F. Skinner
Father of operant conditioning, the process of controlling behavior by manipulating its consequences.
The extent to which workers receives clear, direct information about how well they are performing the job.
Feedback.
Which of the following leadership models are categorized as situational approaches to leadership?
Fielder's contingency model Houses's path-goal model
Tranactional Leadership
Focusing on clarifying employees' roles and task requirements and providing rewards and punishments contingent on performance.
Transactional Leadership
Focusing on clarifying employees' roles and task requirements and providing rewards and punishments contingent on performance. Also encompassed the fundamental managerial activities of setting goals and monitoring progress toward their achievement. - Best in stable situations - Try to get people to do ordinary things
BLANK is a performance review system in which all employees within a business unit are ranked against one another.
Forced ranking
The father of scientific management is
Frederick Taylor
Consultation
Getting others to participate in planning, decision making, and changes
Coalition tactics
Getting others to support your effort to persuade someone
2. Reward Power: Influencing behavior by promising or giving rewards
Reward power, with all managers have, is the power that results from managers; authority to reward their subordinates. Rewards can range from praise to pay raises, from recognition to promotion.
A__________ is a socially determined expectation of how an individual should behave in a specific position; i.e., a set of behaviors that people expect of occupants of a position.
Role
A standing plan that designates specific required actions (always the same response) is a
Rule
Because several computers and keyboards in the computer labs have been damaged recently by drinks and food being spilled, the department chair of the IT department issued a directive that "Absolutely no food or drink is allowed in any computer lab." This statement by the department chair is a(n) ______.
Rule
Learned helplessness
The debilitating lack of faith in one's ability to control one's environment.
Gainsharing
The distribution of savings or "gains" to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity.
Profit Sharing
The distribution to employees of a percentage of the company's profits
Instrumentality
The expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the outcome desired.
Power
The extent to which a person is able to influence others so they respond to others. The desire to influence others.
Emotional stability
The extent to which people feel secure and unworried and how likely they are to experience negative emotions under pressure. How relaxed, secure, and unworried one is.
Self-estem
The extent to which people like or dislike themselves, their overall self-evaluation.
Job satisfaction
The extent to which you feel positive or negative about various aspects of your work.
Authority
The right to perform or command; it comes with the job.
Intrinsic reward
The satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, a person receives from performing the particular task itself.
Meaningfulness
The sense of belonging to and serving something that you believe is bigger than the self.
Stressor
The source of stress
Seeds of innovation
The starting point for organizational innovation 1) Hard work in a specific direction 2) Hard work with a direction change 3) Curiosity 4) Wealth and money 5) Necessity 6) Combination of Seeds
Stereotyping
The tendency to attribute an individual the characteristics one believes are typical of the group to which that individual belongs.
Recency effect
The tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information.
Stress
The tension people feel when they are facing or enduring extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities and are uncertain about their ability to hadle them effectively.
Obtain Appropriate Resources
Top managers want innovation, they must dedicated resources to its development, whether people, dollars, time, energy, knowledge, focus or all of these.
To gain a competitive edge this year, the upper management of a global IT company has decided to focus on customer service, employee training, and continuous quality improvement. This approach is known as
Total quality management
An integrated model of leadership considers which of the following in order to create leadership effectiveness?
Traits, Gender, and Skills Power and Influence Leader Behavior Situational Factors
A formal chain of command, standardization of rules and procedures, and use of cross- functional teams and computer networks so that there is frequent communication and coordination of the parts are the means for achieving ____.
a common goal through integration
Doug, a new manager, commented to a friend, "I am excited about different aspects of my new job. The company computers have entered the field of decision making. The network not only collects information more quickly, but the system also reduces the roadblocks when I need a group consensus." Doug is referring to _____.
a computer-aided decision-making system
leadership copes with change by doing which three of the following?
aligning people, motivating and inspiring and setting a direction
When a manager assesses a particular situation and decides what to do according to the individual and environmental situation, the manager is utilizing the ____ viewpoint.
contingency
Joe, a salesperson for a landscaping company, is working with a longtime customer who is interested in either cutting back on the services or getting a better price due to the tight economy. Joe tells his manager, "I want to take care of the customer with the best value. So what do you think is the best package to offer in this situation?" Joe and his manager are trying to utilize the _____.
contingency design
Sales this year at Donna's Pawn Shop have been high, and based on several factors, Donna projects next year's sales to also be good. However, even with her forecast of continued strong sales, Donna and her partner need to develop a plan in case sales drop unexpectedly. This type of planning for alternative future conditions is known as ____.
contingency planning
Ro's employee has been coming back from lunch drunk and performed poorly as a result. This employee is displaying a ________ work behavior.
counterproductive
A _________ team is a team composed of people from different departments, such as sales and production, who are pursuing a common objective.
cross-fuctional
Jeremy felt that it was important to include a department head from each area of the company in the decision to purchase an additional warehouse. What type of team does Jeremy want to form?
cross-functional
3. Individualized consideration: you have the opportunity here to grow and excel
Transformational leaders don't just express concern for subordinates' well-being. They actively encourage them to grow and to excel by giving them challenging work, more responsibility, empowerment, and one-on-one mentoring.
2. Idealized influence: we are here to do the right thing
Transformational leaders express their integrity by being consistent, single-minded, and persistent in pursuit of their goal. they display high ethical standards and act as models of desirable values. They also are able to make sacrifices for the good of the group.
Which of the following are potential methods to build trust in your team members
Trust based on credibility integrity Offer support Show respect Show predictability
Kurt Lewin's Change Model
Unfreezing Changing Refreezing
If a model of motivation starts with an unfulfilled need, list the rest of the steps in the correct order, with the first step at the top
Unfulfilled Need Motivation Behaviors Reward Feedback
A(n) BLANK is susceptible to legal attack because some questions may infringe on non-job-related matters such as privacy, diversity, or disability.
Unstructured interview
Laura's manager is retiring in six months, and Laura really want to be promoted to succeed her. In terms of expectancy theory, Laura has a high _______ in regard to her job.
Valence. Valence is value, the importance a worker assigns to the possible outcome or reward.
Rita is on a team that consists of members who interact by computer network to collaborate on project. She is on a(n)
Virtual team
Elements of compensation
Wages and Salaries Incentives Benefits
Symbols, stories, heroes, and rites and rituals are ways in which ____ is(are) most often transmitted to employees.
culture
Susan, from Iowa, arrived in Saudi Arabia and immediately noticed that the way Saudi men treat women is vastly different than how men in the U.S. treat women. Susan was feeling uncomfortable because she was experiencing ___.
culture shock
Which of the following are considered external dimensions of diversity
educational background, marital status, parental status, religion, income, geographic location,, work experience, recreational habits, appearance, personal habits.
the model that requires a manager to assess her own style and her situational control is ______
fiedlers contingency model
Equity theory
focuses on employee perception as to how fairly they thing they are being treated compared with others
leaders especially want ______ who are productive, reliable, honest, cooperative, proactive, and flexible
followers
A(n) __________ group is established by the organization to accomplish specific goals.
formal
Exit Interview
formal conversation between a manager and a departing employee to find out why he or she is leaving and to learn about potential problems in the organization.
The stage of group and team development that involves getting oriented and acquainted is known as:
forming
In the political ads for Representative Joe Smith, the Democratic candidate, he is portrayed by the Republican-sponsored ads as being dishonest and poor at his job. Yet, the ads for Joe Smith, which are paid for by the Democratic supporters, describe him as being caring, honest, and a hard worker. The sponsors of these advertisements know that ads can affect whom voters choose on Election Day. This tendency of decision makers, the voters in this case, to be influenced by how a situation or problem is presented to them is known as ____.
framing bias
Having a greater pool of knowledge, gaining different perspectives, gaining intellectual stimulation, having a better understanding of decision rationale, and having a deeper commitment to the decision are advantages of ____.
group decision making
One Fortune article reads that "vision should describe what's happening to the compete in and what you want to do about it" and "it should ___."
guide decisions
When it comes to decision making, it is accurate to say that groups _____.
have higher decision-making accuracy when group members know a good deal about the relevant issues
Operant conditioning
he process of controlling behavior by manipulating its consequences.
Trina never disagrees with what her manager asks her to do on a project even if she thinks there is a better way to do the job. Which type of follower does Trina represent?
helpers
A group formed by people seeking friendship that has no official leader or specific organizational goals is called a(n) ________ group.
informal
__is according to the ohio state leadership model, leadership behavior that consists of the efforts the leader makes to get things organized and get the job done,
initiating structure
Leaders who exhibit ____________ behavior focus on clarifying tasks and setting goals to maximize output and efficiency.
initiating-structure
Identify the three key elements of equity theory.
inputs. outputs. comparison.
what are the key behaviors for transformational leaders?
inspirational motivation, individual consideration, intellectual stimulation and idealized influence
Which of the following are characteristics of being a leader, rather than a manager?
inspire others provide emotional support try to get employees to rally around common goal. creating a vision strategic planning
Power that is used as a means to further organizational goals is know as ______ power.
institutional power. Institutional power- as expressed in the need to solve problems that further organizational goals. Personal power- as expressed in the desire to determine others, and involves manipulating people for one's own gratification.
The quote "Flattery will get you everywhere" demonstrates the effectiveness of which influence tactic? Personal appeals integrating tactics legitimating factors Rational Persuasion
integrating factors
The scientists, nurses, and doctors who work for Medical Technology, an organization that researches the cure for several diseases, work together for a common goal of ending these illnesses. This is an example of ____.
integration
in the university of michigan leadership model, researcher Rensis Likert identified the __forms of leadership styles
job-centered and employe-centered
A leadership style characterized by a general failure to take responsibility for leading is referred to as ____________ leadership
laissez-fair
according to the concept of full-range leadership, leadey rship behaviors vary along a range from ______ leadership at one extreme to transformational leadership at the other
laissez-faire
Within situational control, the extent to which a manager has or does not have the support, loyalty, and trust of the work group is known as ____________
leader-member relations
Expatriate
leaving the US to work abroad
the power that managers have resulting from their formal positions within organizations is called ______ power
legitimate
Internal recruiting
making people already employed by the organization aware of the job openings.
Scientific _______________ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.
management
Paula, the CEO of EnviroSystems, has only three people reporting to her, the vice president of marketing, vice president of HR, and vice president of accounting. Paula has a _____.
narrow span of control
Carlos worked overtime everyday last week and his boss didn't even say anything to him about his extra time. People who feel that they are being under-rewarded for their inputs/outputs on the job typically respond in a __________________(positive/negative) manner.
negative
According to reinforcement theory, turning in your monthly expense report on time so that your supervisor won't nag you for it is an example of ______.
negative reinforcement.
Marietta's work is suffering because not only is she going through a divorce but also her mother is very ill and needs 24-hour care. What type of job-related stress is Marietta experiencing?
nonwork demands
In Jack's work group, members are beginning to develop close interpersonal relationships that has led to an emerging sense of unity and harmony within the team. This is an example of the activities that will occur during the _______ stage of group development.
norming
Successful controlling within an organization, according to Bossidy and Charan, demands that managers build a foundation of controlling using the three core processes of _____.
people, strategy, and operations
Referring to friendship and loyalty when making a request is an example of persuasion through ________
personal appeals
In the fundamental attribution bias, people attribute another person's behavior to
personal characteristics
According to McClelland's acquired need theory, _______power is expressed in an individual's desire to dominate others, whereas ____________ power is used to further organizational goals. Page 401
personal; institutional
According to the McClelland's acquired needs theory, ______ power is expressed in an individual's desire to dominate others, whereas _______ power is used to further organizational goals.
personal; institutional.
Maslow's levels of needs
physiological, safety, love esteem, and self-actualization
A pay-for-performance plan in which an employee is paid according to how much output she or he produces is referred to as __________________
piece rate
The principal functions of management are ___.
planning, organizing, leading, controlling
Which of the following is an example of an organizational demand that creates job-related stress? Organizational Demands
poor lighting, loud noise, no privacy, physical environmental factors, poultry processing, asbestos removal, coal mining, fire fighting, police work, ambulance driving
Within situational control, the power to make work assignments and reward and punish is called ________ power.
position
in the contingency leadership model, the power to make work assignments and reward and punish is called:
position
situational control is defined by which of the following dimensions?
position power,leader member relations and task structure
Your professor awards five bonus points for coming to class on time. This is an example of _________
positive reinforcement
To encourage Mikayla to help around the house, her mother offers to pay her $1 each time she makes her bed in the morning and puts her laundry in the hamper. This is an example of _____.
positive reinforcement.
What's important to Marie in the workplace is to be in charge, to be "top dog" and be in a position of control over her coworkers. This reflects which of the following needs identified by McClelland's acquired needs theory?
power. I need to control others.
Relationship-oriented Leadership
primarily concerned with the leader's interactions with his or her people
in the leader-member exchange model of leadership, in-group subordinates may receive special__as well as special__.
privileges and assignments
Fast Delivery trains its truck loaders how to set the packages in the delivery vehicles, so that when delivery drivers are pulling packages off their trucks, they are organized in a specific order and with the label facing forward to reduce errors and save time. This precise method of loading a truck is known is a(n) ____.
procedure
Micro-learning or bite-size learning
segments learning into bite-size content, enabling a student to master one piece of learning before advancing to anything else.
Leadership depends on ---------------
situation at hand.
Under Fiedler's model, the level of influence a leader has in his or her immediate work environment is called ___________ control.
situational
goal-setting theory suggests that employees can be motivated by goals that have all of the following characteristics
specific and challenging, achievable, measurable
the two environmental factors in House's path-goal leadership model are:
task structure and work group dynamics.
As part of becoming a world citizen, Joe, who is from Michigan and who is transferring to the Paris office, is trying to do things to ___.
think local and keep a global focus
Compensation
three parts: Wages or salaries, incentives, and benefits
Contingency Approach or Situational Approach
to leadership, who believe that effective leadership behavior depends on the situation at hand.
wholly-owned subsidiary
totally owned and controlled by one compnay. large investment, large return`
countertrading
trading with no costs
Candidates for the management development program at GenCo Enterprises must first complete a personality assessment to determine their suitability for a leadership role. Based on this, it would appear that GenCo believes in the ____________ approach to leadership.
trait
Morgan considers Jessica an effective leader because she is intelligent, has high energy, and displays self-confidence, Morgan is characterizing Jessica based on the ______________ approach to leadership.
trait
the ______ approach to leaderships attempts to identify distinctive characteristics that account for the effectiveness of leaders
trait
The T in LGBT stands for ________, or a term for people whose sense of their gender differs from what is expected based on the sex characteristics with which they are born
transgender
The basic assumption that the picture of the present can be projected into the future is the basis of a _____.
trend analysis
T or F Employee assistance programs are aimed at helping employees cope with a variety of problems that negatively influence job performance.
true
T or F Relationship management refers to the ability to communicate clearly and convincingly, disarm conflicts, and build strong personal bonds.
true
Reciprocal faith in others' intentions and behaviors is known as ___________________
trust
During the monthly meeting, Ethan discussed the two positions that were open in his department since Marcus and Amy had both quit last week. Ethan is discussing the __________ in this department.
turnover
Emily graduated with a degree in chemistry from college last year but hasn't been able to find a job in her academic field. She is currently working at a retail store so she can pay her bills. Emily is over-qualified for this job, which makes her an example of someone who is.........
underemployed
Jessica knows it is wrong to steal. This belief is an example of a ________
value
During a management meeting, Dave, the CEO of Top Office Equipment, reminded his management team of where the company wants to go as an organization: "Top Office Equipment is the expert whom customers should always call regarding all their office equipment needs because Top Office strives to understand customer needs and provide the right answers for them." This statement is Top Office Equipment's ____.
vision statement
Telecommunication, or enabling employees to work at home while keeping in touch with their employees and coworkers via email, phone, and other electronic technologies is one example of a ______.
work-life benefit.
Underemployed
working at jobs that require less education than they have.
Effects of bullying
workplace bullies are charming, successful, and manipulative
Deon is opening a car wash, and he has approached SCORE, an SBA organization that assists small-business owners in setting up their companies. As a new business owner, the SCORE counselors would probably advise Deon to _____.
write a business plan
According to productivity expert Odette Pollar, "To do more in a day, ____."
you must do less—not do everything faster
which of the following are ways that Kotter says companies manage complexity?
-creating arrangements of people who will accomplish an agenda through organizing and staffing -determining what needs to be done by planning and budgeting -ensuring people do their jobs by controlling and problem solving
Research demonstrates that transformational leadership yields several positive results, including which of the following:
-measures of organizational effectiveness -measures of leadership effectiveness and employee job satisfaction -more employee identification with their leaders and with the immediate groups -commitment to organizational change -high levels of intrinsic motivation, group cohesion, work engagement, setting of goals consistent with those of the leader, and proactive behavior -employees less likely to quit.
A(n) __________ works to do creative problem solving, often by applying the specialized knowledge of members of a cross-functional team composed of specialists.
-project team
Identify the three key elements in equity theory
-rewards -comparisons -inputs
The question the group is asking during the forming stage of group development is A. "Why are we here?" B. "What's next?" C. "Can we do the job properly?" D. "Why are we fighting about who does what?" E. "Can we agree on roles and work as a team?"
A. "Why are we here?"
Trust is based on _______, which can be enhanced by showing professionalism, technical ability, and good business sense. A. cooperation B. cohesiveness C. unity D. honesty E. credibility
E. credibility
_______________ is leader behavior that is focused primarily on group members' needs and desires and directed at creating mutual respect or trust.
Consideration
Affective component of an attitude
Consists of the feelings or emotions one has about a situation
Personality
Consists of the stable psychological traits and behavioral attributes that give a person his or her identity.
Sexual Harassment
Consists of unwanted sexual attention that creates an adverse work environment.
Sal reduces the amount of location. Sal's reduction of effort is called
Defensive strategy
Voice
Defined as "employees" upward expression of challenging but constructive opinions, concerns, or ideas on work related issues to their managers.
Attitude
Defined as a learned predisposition toward a given object.
Personality Conflict
Defined as interpersonal opposition based on personal dislike or disagreement.
Trust
Defined as reciprocal faith in others' intentions and behaviors.
Readiness
Defined as the extent to which followers possesses the ability and willingness to complete a task. Employees with hight high readiness (high ability, skills and willingness to work) require different leadership style than those with low readiness (low ability, training, and willingness). Diagram 455.
Work-family conflict
Demands or pressures fdrom work and family domains are mutually incompatible
Leadership
Is the ability to influence employees to voluntarily pursue organizational goals.
Inspirational appeal
Trying to build enthusiasms or confidence by appealing to others' emotions, ideals, or values.
Rational persuasion
Trying to convince someone with reason, logic, or facts
Outputs or rewards
What do you think you're getting out of the job?
Inputs
What do you think your putting into the job? - time, effort, training, experience, intelligence, creativity, seniority, status
Diagnosis
by using questionnaires, surveys, interviews, meeting, records, and direct observation to ascertain peoples attitudes and to identify problem areas.
Although she might not like to, Amber sometimes has to reprimand her employees when they do not comply with the rules.When she does this, Amber is using her__ power.
coercive
Steve docks an employee's pay when he comes in late for work for the second time in a week. Steve is demonstrating ___________ power.
coercive
John, the owner of a lawn care service, likes to meet with his employees six months after their yearly evaluation to discuss how they are progressing on suggestions on and plans to improve their yearly job evaluation. At this point, by comparing the six-month results with the past evaluation, John is in the ______ steps of the planning/control cycle.
control
Alicia, a district manager for a global retailer, is traveling to different stores in her district to discuss with store managers how to increase profitability for the rest of the fiscal year. What is Alicia doing?
controlling the direction of the planning/control cycle
Organic Market sells high-quality products and grocery items that are unique to their area: in addition it offers delivery for customers who are unable to leave their home and a number of regular workshops regarding eating healthy. By offering these types of products and services, Organic Market is pursuing a _____ strategy.
differentiation
task structure
dimension of situational control is the extent to which subordinates perform unambiguous, easily understood routine tasks.
Sam is the production manager of a busy shoe factory. He was chosen because prior to his promotion he had proven himself to be very efficient, and as a department manager he had a logical and practical approach to solving problems. Sam has a reputation for being decisive and getting things done. Most of the employees like Sam, but they feel his style is autocratic, as he likes to do things by the book. Sam represents a person with a(n) ______ style.
directive
Quality Services is an organization that operates several companies that market food products, restaurant equipment, and paper and plastic products, and it even has a division that counsels restaurant owners, helping them become established. Quality Services is involved in a _____ strategy.
diversification
Large teams often divide work into particular tasks that are assigned to particular workers. This is known as _________.
division of labor
Development
educaing professionals and managers in the skills they need to do their jobs in the future.
Employment tests
legally considered to consist of any procedure used in the employment selection decision process, even application forms, interviews, and educational requirements.
Basing a request on one's right or authority, organizational rules or policies, or express or implied support from superiors is known as __________ tactics
legitimating
The measure of how much people believe they are in charge of their fate through their own efforts is known as
locus of control
Which of the following are employee characteristics identified in House's path-goal leadership model.
locus of control task ability need for achievement experience and need for path-goal clarity
A _________-control situation is one in which a leader's decisions can't produce predictable results because he or she can't really influence outcomes.
low
Being an encourager, standard setter, harmonize, and compromiser within a group are aspects of the __________ role.
maintenance
The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior ______.
modification.
WTO was formed to
monitor and enforce trade agreements
individual characteristics
personalities of such leaders tend to be more extroverted, agreeable, proactive, and open to change than nontransformational leaders
According to the job characteristics model, the extent to which a job requires the job holder to use a wide range of different talents and abilities is known as _________________ p. 415
skill variety
A team is a small group of people with complimentary _______ who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable
skills
What mechanism is used to provide a systematic assessment of an organization's triple bottom line?
social audit
The component of emotional intelligence known as _______ consists of empathy and organizational intuition, the ability to understand how your emotions and actions affect others within the organization.
social awareness
Alana, the children's department manager at Shoe Mart, has eight employees in her department, and all of them report directly to her. The eight employees who report directly to Alana are her _____.
span of control
A __________ consists of the CEO, president, and top department heads who work to help the organization achieve its mission and goals.
top-management team
three ways in which organizations may apply trait theory
use personality and trait assessments, choose personality over intelligence, and use management development programs
pressure tactics
using demands, threats, or intimidation to gain compliance
Diversification
when businesses offer more than one product or service to reduce risk.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Prohibits discrimination against the disabled and require organizations to reasonably accommodate an individual's disabilities.
A sales engineer tells a client "this is state of the art technology and it will streamline your inventory process" What form of persuasion is the sales engineer using? Rational persuasion Personal appeals inspirational appeals exchange tactics
Rational Persuasion
Diversity
Represents all the ways people are unlike and alike-the differences and similarities in age, gender, race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, capabilities, and socioeconomic background.
Ethical Leadership
Represents normativiely appropriate behavior that focuses o being moral role model.
Empowering leadership
Represents the extent to which a leader creates perceptions of psychological empowerment in others.
Flourishing
Represents the extent to which our lives contain PERMA
Telling
Represents the guiding and directing of performance. This leadership style works best for followers with a low level of readiness: subordinated are neither willing nor able to take responsibility.
Change Agent-Employee Relationship
Resistance to change is reduced when change agents and employees have a trusting relationship, faith in each other's intentions. Mistrust encourages secrecy, which begets deeper mistrust and can doom the well-conceived change.
Norming
Resolution of conflicts, and the emergence of unity and harmony among group members. conflicts are resolved, close relationships develop, and unity and harmony emerge.
At the completion of a long project, Allen gives his assistant the day off with pay to acknowledge all of his hard work. This is an example of ______________ power
Reward
The "Power of purse strings" meaning that a manager can approve other monetary incentives for her employees ________ power
Reward
Which of the following guidelines should be followed when giving positive reinforcement.
Reward only desirable behavior Give rewards as soon as possible Be clear about what behavior is desired Have different rewards and recognize individual differences.
Bethany had a starring role in a film that was shot in her hometown of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Though the Screen Actors Guild, an actors' union, exists in Louisiana, Bethany was not required to join because of the state's BLANK law.
Right-to-work
Group Demands
Stress created by coworkers and managers
BLANK refers to educating technical and operational employees in how to better do their current job.
Training
The type of performance appraisal that consists of ratings of subjective attributes like attitude or leadership is a(n) BLANK appraisal.
Trait
Transactional leaders try to get people to do ordinary things while ______________ leaders attempt to get people to do exceptional things
Transformational
Reinforcement
Anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited
Group
As (1) two or more freely interacting individuals who (2) share norms, (3) share goals, and (4) have a common identity.
Self-determination Theory (Edward Deci and Richard Ryan)
Assumes that people are driven to try to grown and attain fulfillment with the behavior and well being influenced by three innate needs: Competence Autonomy Relatedness
Reinforcement theory
Attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with negative consequences tends not to be repeated.
___________ is the right to perform or command; this right comes with the supervisor's job.
Authority
Freedom and discretion to determine what you want to do and how you want to do it. -
Autonomy.
The extent to which a job allows the worker to make choices about scheduling different tasks and/or deciding how to perform them.
Autonomy.
Behavioral style
Avoids conflict, very friendly
______ is the conflict-handling style that strives to devise solutions that benefit both parties. A. Avoiding B. Collaborating C. Compromising D. Forcing E. Accommodating
B. Collaborating
Which of the following is characteristic of workgroups with too little conflict? A. Dissatisfaction B. Indecision C. Political infighting D. Lack of teamwork E. Turnover
B. Indecision
Which of the following is a disadvantage of larger groups? A. Less creativity and innovation B. Less commitment C. More division of labor D. Fewer resources E. Fewer cliques
B. Less commitment
Which of the following is not a reason to enforce norms? A. To clarify role expectations. B. To create a written document of behavioral guidelines for new employees. C. To help the group survive. D. To emphasize the group's important values. E. To help individuals avoid embarrassing situations.
B. To create a written document of behavioral guidelines for new employees.
________ is defined as reciprocal faith in others' intentions and behaviors. A. Cooperation B. Trust C. Cohesiveness D. Unity E. Fairness
B. Trust
The disadvantage of the ______ conflict-handling style is that it is very time consuming. A. avoiding B. collaborating C. compromising D. forcing E. accommodating
B. collaborating
Toyota's automobile recall problems may have been rooted in the difference between Japanese and American attitudes about A. ambiguity. B. conflict. C. advocacy. D. division of labor. E. performance.
B. conflict.
When members of a group are friendly and tight-knit but unable to disagree enough to properly appraise alternatives, they are said to be experiencing A. paradigm paralysis. B. groupthink. C. social loafing. D. the dialectic method. E. devil's advocacy.
B. groupthink.
During the ______ stage of team development, close relationships develop and unity and harmony emerge. A. storming B. norming C. performing D. forming E. adjourning
B. norming
Which of the following is not one of the stages of group and team development? A. Norming B. Storming C. Reforming D. Adjourning E. Performing
C. Reforming
Sources of conflict
Called conflict triggers: 1) between personalities 2) between groups 3) between cultures 4) between work and family responsibilities.
E-leadership: Managing for global networks
Can involve one-to-one, one-to-many, within-group and between-group and collective interactions via information technology. Means having to deal with quite a number of responsibilities, such as developing business opportunities through cooperative relationships, restructuring a company into global networks, decentralizing the company's organization. and energizing the staff.
Stock Options
Certain employees are given the right to buy stock at the future date fr a discounted price.
Product innovation
Change in the appearance or the performance of a product or a service or the creation of a new one.
Psychopathy
Characterized by lack of concern for others, impulsive behavior, and a dearth of remorse when the psychopath's actions harm other.
Storming
Characterized by the emergence of individual personalities and roles and conflicts within the group.
Conflict handling style: Problem solving
Collaborating to generate a win-win solution
Multicultural conflicts
Conflicts between cultures.
Influence tactics
Conscious efforts to affect and change behaviors in others.
___________ conflict is considered "good" because it benefits the main purpose of the organization or serves its interests.
Constructive
Change Agent
Consultant with a background in behavioral sciences who can be a catalyst in helping organizations deal with old problems in new ways.
The __________ approach to leadership asserts that a leader's effectiveness depends on the situation at hand.
Contingency
Planning for an alternative future
Contingency Planning
Negative forces
Counter-Thrusters - remove negative forces
Innovation
Creating new ideas and converting them into useful applications or good and services.
Invention
Creating or making up something new
Which of the following is an advantage of larger groups? A. Higher morale B. More effective interaction C. Greater boldness D. Able to take advantage of division of labor E. Less social loafing
D. Able to take advantage of division of labor
Which of the following is a manifestation of excessive conflict in the workplace? A. Apathy B. Lack of creativity C. Missed deadlines D. Violence E. Indecision
D. Violence
A work team that works to accomplish tasks that require people with specialized training and a high degree of coordination is called a(n) A. production team. B. project team. C. development team. D. action team. E. advice team.
D. action team.
When using a self-managed team, a manager should A. maintain detailed monitoring of its performance. B. create the team within whatever structure currently exists. C. offer lucrative individual bonuses. D. allow members to hire their own coworkers. E. provide elaborate retreats for team discussions.
D. allow members to hire their own coworkers.
A ______ role is behavior that concentrates on getting the team's work done. A. maintenance B. performance C. administrative D. task E. production
D. task
Contingency factors
Degree to which individuals want personal and psychological development: Knowledge & skill Desire for Personal growth Context satisfactions
Task Significance
Describes the extent to which a job affects the lives of other people, whether inside or outside the organization.
1. Contingency leadership model
Determines if a leader's style is (1) task-orientd or (2) relationship-oriented and if that style is effective for the situation at hand.
Contingency leadership model
Determines if a leader's style is (1) task-oriented or (2) relationship-oriented and if that style is effective for the situation at hand.
Need for Power
"I need to control others" Desire to be responsible for other people, influence their behavior or control them.
Relatedness
"I want to feel connected to other people" - Feel a sense of belonging
There is "bad power" and "good power"
- Personalized power: power directed at helping oneself. - Socialized power: power directed at helping others.
(3) Environmental factors
- Task structure - Work group dynamics ( independent versus interdependent tasks)
Five approaches to leadership
- Trait - Behavioral - Contingency - Full-range - Four additional
Employment Tests
1) Ability Tests 2) Performance Tests 3) Personality Tests 4) Integrity Tests
Types of Change
1) Least Threatening 2) Somewhat Threatening 3) Very Threatening
Jog Design
1) the division of an organization's work among its employees 2) the application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performance.
The profits of ABC Grocery have dropped significantly over the last several months. After investigating, the owner realizes that the store is moving in the wrong direction in many departments, so there needs to be greater focus by management. This is an example of how an organization can progress in the wrong direction with
A Poor Plan
Process Innovation
A change in the way a product or service is conceived, manufactured or disseminated.
Expropriation
A government's seizure of a domestic or foreign company's assets is known as
Force-Field analysis
A technique to determine which forces could facilitate a proposed change and which forces could act against it.
Someone at a team meeting who says, "Let's hear from those who oppose this plan" is performing a ______ role. A. maintenance B. social C. coordinator D. reorientation E. task
A. maintenance
Content Perspective - 4 theories
Acquired Needs Hierarchy of needs theory Self-determination theory Two-factor theory
Which of the following theories of motivation should be characterized as content perspectives?
Acquired Needs Hierarchy of needs theory Self-determination theory Two-factor theory
4. Ingratiating Tactics
Acting humble or friendly or making someone feel good or feel important before making a request.
Casual attribution
Activity of inferring causes for observed behavior.
Philip, owner of Technology Sales, said, "We have to focus on our customers and how can we beat the competition, so we have to be flexible." He encourages his R&D department to develop innovative products and focuses on being quick to respond to market changes. Technology Sales has an
Adhocracy culture
During this final state and team development, which is called__, the work has been completed and members prepare for disbandment:
Adjouring
Task-oriented leadership behaviors
Ensure that people, equipment, and other resources are used in an efficient way to accomplish the mission of a group or organization.
Which of the following is NOT a layer on the diversity wheel?
Environmental Dimension Layers are: Organizational, External, Internal and personality
Jared is from the United States, but is working in Mexico. He believes that his culture, language, and behavior are superior to those of his Mexican employees. This illustrates which one of the following concepts.
Ethnocentrism
Warfare - too much conflict
Excessive conflict (warfare) results in eroding organizational performance due to political infighting, dissatisfaction, lack of teamwork, and turnover.
Connor wanted to help Chris with a new, potentially profitable clients portfolio. Connor reminded Chris that since he was instrumental in getting Chris hired, he owed him a favor. This is an example of the ___________ influence tactic
Exchange
is the process of having two people or groups play opposing roles in a debate to better understand a proposal.
Dialectic method
______ is a "we feeling" that binds group members together. A. Maintenance B. Groupthink C. Norming D. Social loafing E. Group cohesiveness
E. Group cohesiveness
The ability to monitor your own feelings and those of others and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions is referred to as ........
Emotional intelligence
Stating your views honesty and concentrating on finding a solution to the problem
Openness
A team is defined as two or more freely interacting individuals who share collective norms, share collective goals, and have a common identity
FALSE
About 25% of Fortune 1000 companies use some form of self-managed work teams
FALSE
Another name for functional conflict is productive conflict
FALSE
Avoiding it is never an appropriate response to conflict
FALSE
Conflict is the dramatic and often violent clash of opposing forces that lacks a simple resolution that would be satisfactory to all parties
FALSE
Speed of resolution is the primary benefit of using the collaborating conflict-handling style
FALSE
The dialectic method is the process of assigning someone to play the role of critic to voice possible objections to a proposal
FALSE
While individuals prefer to have measurable goals as well as feedback about their performance, this is not required for teams since goals and feedback can be generated from within
FALSE
While quality is usually improved by using teamwork in an organization, productivity typically suffers because teamwork is time consuming
FALSE
Socialized power occurs when power is directed at helping oneself as a way of enhancing one's own selfish ends. True or False
False
T or F: At times, to be efficient in management means not using resources the most cost-effectively.
False
T or F: The vice president of human resources is a first-line manager.
False
True or False The term "diversity" is synonymous with differences.
False
True/False: The devil's advocacy method is the process of having two people or groups play opposing roles in a debate in order to better understand a proposal.
False
Charisma
Form of interpersonal attraction that inspires acceptance and support.
Passive Leadership
Form of leadership behavior characterized by a lack of leadership skills.
Employees are likely to see an adaptive change as
Less threatening
Susan's team is going through the _______ stage of team development. In this stage, they are becoming oriented with the group's process and getting acquainted with one another.
Forming
In this stage of team development, members get oriented and acquainted with each other.
Forming stage
Ingratiation
Getting someone in a good mood prior to making a request
Abraham Maslow proposed the
Hierarchy of human needs
Work Outcomes
High Work motivation High work performance High work satisfaction Low absenteeism & turnover
Types of Sexual Harassment
Hostile Environment and Quid pro quo harassment
Conscientiousness
How dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented, and persistent one is.
Cynical view of human nature that condones opportunistic and unethical ways of manipulating people
Machiavelliansim
The focus of a(n) ________ role is fostering constructive relationships among team members and keeping the team together as a cohesive whole.
Maintenance
Which of the following would be characterized as organizational dimensions of diversity?
Management status, union affiliation, work location, seniority, work content, and division or department.
The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace is called _____.
McClelland's acquired needs theory.
Which of the following are trends in the United States that show that American businesses need to do better with member of racial and ethnic populations.
Minorities earn less than whites People of color have hit the glass ceiling
Equity theory (J. Stacey Adams)
Model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships.
Leaders behavior (2) Achievement-oriented
I am confident you can accomplish the following great things. Set challenging goals. Emphasize excellence. Demonstrate confidence in employee abilities.
BLANK is a change that represents the introduction of a new practice to an organization but one that is not new to the industry.
Innovative change
Systems model of change
Inputs Target Element of Change Outputs
Innovative change - Somewhat Threatening
Introduction of a practice that is new to the organization
Conflict that results from a clash between two or more cultures is known as _________ conflict.
Multicultural
Organizational Development successful under the following
Multiple Interventions Management Support Goals Geared to both short & long-term results Affected by culture
Dr. Jones is retiring from the hospital and he wants to start an organization, Doctor Help, that will provide low-income individuals in the United States with medical assistance at no cost. Doctor Help in an example of
Nonprofit organization
Style of Leader Behaviors
Path-goal clarifying Achievement- oriented Work facilitation Supportive Interaction facilitation Group-oriented Representation and networking Value- based
Self-serving bias
People tend to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure.
Insider trading
Knowing information from the inside before trading
Triple bottom line
People, planet, profits
With increasing competition in the restaurant business, Sal, owner of Mom's Pizza, is dealing with growing uncertainty. He is meeting with his managers to develop a future course of action to meet company goals. This process is known as
Planning
Being upbeat and expressing your willingness to work with the other person to find a resolution to the problem
Positiveness
__________ is the extent to which a person is able to influence others to they respond to orders
Power
Socialized power
Power directed at helping others.
Reward Power
Power that results from managers' authority to reward their subordinates - all manager have this.
Data Workers
Previously thought of as knowledge workers are now being recognized as "data workers" and contribute very little added value to the processing of information. lower paying jobs
Conflict
Process i which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party
Devil's advocacy
Process of assigning someone to play the role of critic to voice possible objections to a proposal and thereby generate critical thinking and reality
________ conflict is designed to elicit different opinions without inciting people's personal feelings.
Programed
In order to be effective, a person employing influence tactics should do which of the following?
Rely on the core Be authentic Consult rather than legitimate "Glad handing" is not a good long-term strategy Be subtle Learn to influence
6. Exchange tactics
Reminding someone of past favors or offering to trade
This is a set of behaviors that people expect of occupants in a certain position:
Role
Representatives are paid by the percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales.
Sales commission.
Sales Commission
Sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales
Benefit Corporation or B Corporation
Shareholders may for this corporation in which the company is legally required to adhere to socially beneficial practices.
During this stage in a group and team development, members concentrate on solving problems and completing the assigned tasks.
Performing stage
Foster Innovative Culture/Climate
Permit experimentation, risk taking, and tolerance for failure.
conflict is defined as interpersonal opposition based on personal dislike, disagreement, or differing styles.
Personality
Individual Task Demands
Stress created by the job itself
Social Audit
Systematic assessment of an organizations's triple bottom line
T or F According to Maslow, the needs at the lowest level in his hierarchy must be met before an individual will seek to achieve needs at a higher level.
T
What role is behavior that concentrates on getting the team's work done
Task
A ________ consists of behavior that concentrates on getting the team's tasks done.
Task Role
Hugo Munsterberg was known as
The father of industrial psychology
True/False: A role is a set of behaviors that people expect of occupants in a certain position.
True
True/False: Cohesiveness is the emotional feeling that binds group members together.
True
Mark, vice president of human resources at Executive Corporation, is what level manager
Upper
Outputs
What results do we want from the change?
Role Conflict
When one feels torn by the different expectations of important people in one's life.
Path-goal leadership model
Which holds that the effective leader makes available to followers desirable rewards in the workplace and increases their motivation by clarifying the paths, or behavior, that will help them achieve those goals and providing them with support.
What Myra enjoys most about her job is the camaraderie with her coworkers and the close friendships she has formed. According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, this reflects Myra's need for___________
affiliation
forming stage
allowing popele to socialize and become acquainted
Resistance to Change
an emotional/behavioral response to real or imagine threats to an established work routine.
At ABC Manufacturing, employees work together to achieve the company goals and purposes. This describes ___.
an organization
In a highly integrated organization, the specialists work together to achieve ____.
a common goal
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
job is to enforce anti-discrimination and other employment-related laws.
Becoming a manager offers
many rewards apart from money and status
Quality Paper Products utilizes a structure that includes functional divisions, such as accounting and production, and a divisional chain of command, such as the home products and office divisions. For example, Mary Beth, a salesperson, reported to both her sales manager and the office products manager when she first started working on the city of Springfield account. Quality Paper Products has developed a _____.
matrix structure
External recruiting
means attracting job applicants for outside the organizations. Uses social media to recruit.
Performance Tests or skills test
measure performance on actual job tasks - job tryouts.
Two-tier wage contracts
new employees are paid less or receive lesser benefits than veteran employees have.
With the community interested in eating healthy, Sue Ellen, a restaurant owner, is considering adding more vegetarian dishes to her menu. This decision is uncertain and risky, and she finally decides to go with her gut feelings. This is an example of _______.
nonrational decision making
For MBO to be successful, top management must be committed, it must be applied organization wide, and _____.
objectives must cascade
Crowdfunding
obtaining small amounts of money from many people
Tasha loves to travel, especially internationally. She's always eager to see new places, try new things, and learn abut different cultures. Which Big Five personality dimension does this illustrate?
openness to experience
which of the following are the two factors influencing transformational leaders?
organizational culture and individual characteristics
in an __-group exchange, leaders are characterized as overseers who fail to create a sense of mutual trust, respect, or common fate.
out
During the __________ stage, team members focus on completing assigned tasks.
performing
Contingency factors play a role in the job characteristics model. Contingency factors refer to the degree to which individuals want ______.
personal and psychological development.
The purpose of the field of organizational behavior is to not only explain workplace behavior but also to ___________
predict
The distribution to employees of a percentage of the company's profits is known as ____________________
profit sharing
Distress
bad stressor, results in anxiety and illness
Subjective Appraisals
based on a manager's perceptions of an employee's (1) trails or (2) behaviors
Objective Appraisals or Results Appraisals
based on facts and are often numerical
_____________ are cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives.
bonuses
Strong stressors
can dramatically strain a person's ability to adapt.
e-leadership
can involve one-to-one, one-to-many, within a group and between-group and collective interactions via information technology
Behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS)
rates employee gradations in performance according to scales of specific behaviors
Trait Appraisals
ratings of such subjective attributes as attitude, initiative and leadership
Frank tells his manager, "After the problems we've had with our current supplier, it just makes sense to switch to a new supplier." What form of persuasion is Frank using.
rational
Trisha works hard to maintain a friendly, supportive climate in her department. Her motto is, "People first, production second." Trisha exhibits _________________ leadership
relationship-oriented leadership
Dwight, a hotel general manager, is having serious problems—a substance abuse issue—with one of his housekeeping employees. He knows that because of the seriousness of the issue he needs to talk with the employee. However, his assistant manager asks Dwight if he would like him to deal with it. Dwight knows this is not the best option, but agrees, knowing it is the easy way out. This is an example of _____.
relaxed change
Which of the following would be characterized as motivating factors by Herzberg's two-factor theory?
responsibility. achievement.
Disparate treatment
results when employees from protected groups (such as disabled individuals) are intentionally treated differently
Team member interdependence
reveals the extent to which team members rely on common task-related team inputs, such as resources, information, goals, and rewards, and the amount of interpersonal interactions needed to complete the work.
Sam's ability to influence the behavior of his employees by publicly praising their achievements is the result of his __power.
reward
In equity theory, the outputs received from as organization are which of the following?
rewards. pay. praise.
Steve, a hotel general manager, has had great success using MBO. Hannah, his district manager, has found that his employees are highly motivated, and she believes that this is the case becasue in using MBO, Steve
rewrds his employees with compliments, raises, and other benefits as they meet their goals.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, in order for Josephina to seek fulfillment of her love needs, she must first satisfy which of the following needs? Check all that apply.
safety. physiological.
Selection process
screening of job applicants to hire the best candidate
traits of emotional intelligence
self-awareness, relationship management, social awareness, and self-management. SELF-SUFFICIENCY IS NOT A TRAIT
The "can do" aspect of our personality can best be described as
self-efficacy
The ____________-_____________ prophecy occurs when people's expectations of themselves lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true.
self-fufilling
A _________ consists of workers who are trained to do all or most of the jobs in a work unit, have no direct supervisor, and do their own day-to-day supervision.
self-managed team
One report reads that big companies, such as Amazon, Google, or Apple, "are no longer content simply to enhance part of your life. The new strategy is to build a device, sell it to consumers, and then ____."
sell them the content to play on their device
dumping
selling things at a lower price to drive down prices of the product
a__ leader can be described as a humble, giving person who wants nothing in return but to see other people succeed.
servant
a leader who focuses on providing increased service to others is called a ______
servant leader
Roles
sets of behaviors that people expect of occupants of a position
Connie believes that women are not as effective leaders as men. This is an example of a ____________ stereotype.
sex-role
group
share collective norms, goals, and have a common identity
joint venture
sharing the risks and rewards of starting an enterprise together
Hassles
simple irritants
Job ____ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.
simplification.
Regarding the findings from a SWOT analysis, organizational strengths are ____.
skills and capabilities that give a company advantages in executing its strategies
Susanne, the CEO of national IT manufacturer, was approached by Simple Phones, a new company that is marketing a new type of phone, to partner with the company on a project. The partnership is uncertain since the company and technology are new. Susanne is uncertain what to do because she is limited by numerous constraints, such as the uncertainty and complexity of the technology, the management success of Simple Phones, and time, since other companies are interested in the partnership. This is an example of _____.
bounded rationality
The BCG matrix is a means of evaluating strategic business units on the basis of their _____.
business growth rates and share of the market
With ______, certain employees are given the rights to buy stck at a future date for a discounted price.
stock options.
A team in the middle of the ________ stage of team development experiences individual conflicts and the emergence of individual personalities within the group.
storming
Crisis
sudden occasions of overwhelming terror
When building a new residential development or mall, a national real estate organization typically does not remove many trees, basing its decision on the belief that natural resources are limited and the company must not compromise the ability of future generations to meet its own needs. This philosophy is known as ___.
sustainability
The contemporary perspective consists of three viewpoints: ____.
systems, contingency, quality management
MPS or Motivational Potential Score means
the amount of internal work motivation associated with a specific job.
whistle-blower
the person that reports information to the company... aka tattle-tail
managerial leadership
the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives
Routine tasks and paperwork, as well as jobs that help your subordinates grow are __.
things that a manager should delegate, according to Odette Pollar
Strategic, tactical, and operational are the
three levels of planning
Leadership that focuses on clarifying employees' roles, explaining task requirements, and providing rewards or punishments based on performance is called _______________ leadership.
transactional
The ________ leader transforms employees to pursue organizational goals over self-interest
transformational
Ponzi scheme
use money from newer investors to pay off older ones
Analytic style
values logic and accuracy
A ___________ team consists of members who interact by computer network to collaborate on projects.
virtual
Is it appropriate for the organization and for the times? Does it set standards of excellence and reflect high ideals? Is it ambitious? These are all questions that are answered in a good _____.
vision statement
This statement is Top Office Equipment's talking about future goals
vision statement
Says one authority, strategic planning should communicate not only general goals about growth and profits but also _____.
ways to achieve them
Which of the following is not considered a "soft" influence tactic?
coalition pressure legitimating
Don knows that one of the reasons people do not return to his electronics store is because of the slow service. This is an example of the organization's _____.
weaknesses
Licensing
when a company allows a foreign company to pay a fee to make or distribute the first company's product or service
Cost-of-living adjustments (COLA) clause
which during the period of the contract ties future wage increases to increases in the cost of living
charismatic leadership
which was assumed to be an individual inspirational and motivational characteristic of particular leaders
There remains a customer bias in favor of_______
white men
Formal Appraisals
conducted at specific times throughout the year and are based on performance measures that have been established in advance.
Informal Appraisals
conducted on an unscheduled basis and consist of less rigorous indications of employee performance.
One management responsibility is to identify when to create _________, not simply when to mitigate it.
conflict
Nondisparagement agreement
contract between two parties that prohibits one party from criticizing the other; it is often used in severance agreements to prohibit former employees from criticizing their former employers.
Performance Appraisal or Performance Review
consists of 1) assessing an employee's performance and 2) providing him/her with feedback
Susan was able to get Steve to work with her in making decisions about how the new office should look by asking him for his thoughts on the design. This is an example of the _________________ influence tactic.
consultation
Fielder's __leadership model is determined whether a leaders style is task oriented or relationship oriented, and if that style is effective for the situation at hand.
contingency
path-goal leadership is one of the__ leadership approaches and states that leader effectiveness depends on tying meaningful rewards to accomplishment, reducing barriers to success, and providing support
contingency
seeing what is working and what could be different to maximize efficiency and effectiveness in achieving the organization's mission is ..
current reality assessment
Directive style
decisive and effective. Logical and practical, autocratic and do things by the book (not taking into account other's feelings)
Goal displacement, satisfying, and group think are ____.
disadvantages of group decision making
attempts to identify__that account for the effectiveness of leaders are the foundation of the trait approaches
distinctive characteratics
According to Harvard Business School professor Michael Porter, strategic positioning means _____ to achieve sustainable competitive advantage.
distinctive positioning
The upper-level managers of Synergy Technology are meeting for the week to look at thelong-term company goals and overall direction of the organization. The CEO has expressed her concern over the economy and has told her managers to look closely at the environment outside the organization before making decisions and to be future oriented. In this meeting, top managers of Synergy are _____.
doing strategic planning
individual approach to ethical dilemmas
doing what's right for yourself.
Negative conflict that hinders the organization's performance or threatens its interests is known as ____________ conflict.
dysfunctional conflict.
The behavioral viewpoint developed over the following phases: _____.
early behaviorism, human relations movement, behavioral science
Which external recruiting methods work best?
employee referrals e-recruitment tools, websites, social media, etc.
360-degree assessment or 360-degree feedback
employees are appraised not only by their managerial superiors but also by peers, subordinates, and sometimes clients.
360-degree feedback or 360-degree assessment
employees are appraised not only by their managerial superiors but also by peers, subordinates, and sometimes clients.
Forced ranking performance review systems
employees within a business unit are ranked against one another and grades are distributed along some sort of bell curve.
The basic lesson for Herzberg's research is that _____.
employers should attempt to eliminate job dissatisfaction before addressing job satisfaction.
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
established minimum living standards for workers engaged in interstate commerce, including provision of a federal minimum wage.
Robert believes that no matter how hard he studies, he will never pass the exam. According to Victor Vroom's theory, Robert has low ______.
expectancy. It is the the belief that a particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance.
In the strategic-management process, the final step, maintaining strategic control, is the source of _____.
feedback and evaluation
In relationship to the goal-setting theory, what is necessary to have so that employees know if they are on the right track when working on a project?
feedback.
Strategic position emerges from three sources: _____.
few needs, many customers; broad needs, few customers; broad needs, many customers
Affirmative action
focuses on achieving equality of opportunity within an organization.
Eustress
good stressor, can stimulate a person to better coping ad adaptation
A __________ is defined as two or more freely interacting individuals who share collective norms and goals and have a common identity.
group
Regarding decision making, research has found that ____.
groups make better decisions than most individuals acting alone
Greg, Donna, and Paul are on the five-member Benefits Task Force that is researching options for the new benefits package. Over lunch, Greg, Donna, and Paul decided that adding Choice Health Club is a good idea, and that they plan on voting to agree to add it without ever researching and accurately assessing the decision. This is an example of ____.
groupthink
Dominique owns an international grocery store where customers can purchase products from other countries. Dominique's store is an example of a company that ____.
imports
leadership is the ability to ______ employees to pursue organizational goals
influence
as a result of the Ohio State Leadership Model, which major dimensions of leader behavior were identified?
initiating structure and consideration
President Obama's famous quote, "We are the change that we seek " best demonstrates which persuasion tactic?
inspirational appeals
Internal conflict between work groups, teams, and department is known as _________________ conflict
intergroup
Jolene doesn't believe that "luck happens." She firmly believes that you make your own luck in life by what you do and how you do it. Jolene has a(n) __________ locus of control.
internal
The satisfactions, such as a feeling of accomplishment, that a person receives from performing a task is known as a(n) ______ reward.
intrinsic reward.
Unstructured interview
involves asking probing questions to find out what the applicant is like.
In which of the following is the U.S. workforce becoming more diverse
Age, gender, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, physical and mental abilities,
Conflict handling style: Accomodating
Allowing the desires of the other party to prevail
Transgender
An umbrella term for people whose sense of their gender differs from what is expected based on the sex characteristics with which they are born.
Disadvantages of small teams vs larger teams:
An uneven distribution of work among members Decreased creativity and boldness due to peer pressure Fewer resources from which to extract knowledge and skills
Law of effect
Behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated, while behavior with unfavorable consequences tends to disappear.
Which of the following is an example of proactive change?
Ciara explores improvements in bonus structures with her staff and begins to implement them despite the fact that her employees are generally content.
A manager who tells his subordinate "Do it or else pay the consequences" is demonstrating ___________ power
Coercive
Innovation Strategy
Company integrates its innovation activities intoits business strategies.
Elements of Equity Theory
Comparing the inputs and outputs with those of others.
A servant leader would display which of the following characteristics?
Focus on listening Ability to empathize with other's feeling Focus on healing suffering Self-awareness of strengths & weaknesses Use of Persuasion rather than positional authority Broad based conceptual thinking. Ability to foresee future outcomes Believe they are stewards of their employees & resources Commitment to the growth of people Drive to build community within and outside the organization.
Establish required structured process
Foster collaboration, cross-functional communication, agility, organic structures are often better suited than mechanistic ones for innovation
Self-managed teams
Groups of workers who are given administrative oversighn for their task domains.
Which of the following theories proposes that work satisfaction originates from motivating factors and dissatisfaction originates from hygiene factors?
Herzberg's Two-factory theory
External dimensions of diversity
Include an element of choice; they consist of the personal characteristics that people acquire, discard, or modify throughout their lives.
Don works diligently to accomplish the company goals in an efficient and effective manner, utilizing his employees through planning, organizing, leading and controlling company resources. Don is...
Managing
Bob, the owner of Quality Catering, is driven by competition. He is very focused on meeting deadlines and quality, and to deliver the results that customers want. He pushes his managers to continually exceed their productivity goals, and stresses that profits take precedence over employee development and satisfaction. Bob feels "there is not enough time for training." However, his employees are regularly rewarded for their success in meeting company goals. This is an example of what kind of culture?
Market
That organizations should be operated as "communities," with managers and subordinates working together in harmony, is one of the proposals of
Mary Parker Follett
Ability Tests
Measure physical abilities, strength ad stamina, mechanical ability, mental abilities and clerical abilities.
Personality Tests
Measure such personality traits as adjustment, energy, sociability, independence, and need for achievement.
Performing
Members concentrate on solving problems and completing the assigned task.
Dysfunctional conflict is also referred to as:
Negative conflict
"I'll take out the garbage," Jan's husband tells her. "Just stop bugging me about it." This situation exemplifies ________________
Negative reinforcement
Strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative.
Negative reinforcement.
Motivation-Personal factors
Personality, ability, care self-evaluations, emotions, attitudes, needs, values, work attitudes.
Needs
Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior.
Two-factor theory (Herzberg)
Proposed that work satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different factors - work satisfaction from motivating factors and work dissatisfaction from hygiene factors.
BLANK is the process of locating and attracting qualified applicants for jobs open in the organization
Recruiting
Brandon has earned the trust and respect of his coworkers by consistently modeling the positive behaviors he expects from them. What type of power does this describe? a. Expert b. Coercive c. Referent d. Reward
Referent
Core self-evaluation
Represents a broad personality trait comprising four positive individual traits: Self-efficacy Self-esteem Locus of Control Emotional stability
Coercive Power
Results form managers' authority to punish their subordinates. all manager have this.
Which of the following is NOT a trait of emotional intelligence?
Self-monitoring
Which of the following are common ways that employees express burnout?
Showing indifference to peroformance Missed deadlines Taking longer lunch breaks
Shared leadership
Simultaneous, ongoing, mutual influence process in which people share responsibility for leading. It is based on the idea that people need to share information and collaborate to get things doe. It is more like to be needed when people work in teams, are involved in complex projects, or are doing knowledge work -work requiring voluntary contributions of intellectual capital by skilled professionals. + Associated with group cohesion, group citizenship, and group effectiveness.
This is the tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.
Social loafing
__________ is the tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone, and they can also draw the team into their negative energy field and drag it down.
Social loafing
Power directed at helping others as opposed to helping oneself is known as _____________ power
Socialized
Roles
Socially determined expectations of how individuals should behave in a specific position.
Commitment from Top Managers
Strategic goals are unlikely to be achieved without the commitment of Top Mangers
Ethics
Standards of right and wrong behavior
In Michelle's group, individual members are beginning to assert their personalities and the group is beginning to experience interpersonal conflict amongst its members. Michelle's group is entering the _________ stage of group development.
Storming
The systems viewpoint regards parts making up the whole system as
Subsystems
Core innovation
The optimizing of products or services for existing customers
Extrinsic reward
The payoff, such as money, a person receives from others for performing a particular task.
Positive reinforcement
The use of positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior.
Behavior modification
The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior
True or False: According to Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, employers should first eliminate dissatisfying elements in the work place and then focus on adding incentives to motivate workers.
True.
Incentives
Used to attract high-performing employees and to induce those already employed to be more productive .
Persuade Tactics
Using demands, threats, or intimidation to going to gain compliance.
Virtual Teams
Work together over time and distance via electornic media to combine effort and achieve common goals
Union Shop
Workers aren't required to be union members when hired for a job but must join the union within a specified time. - Not allowed in 22 states
Global Mind-set
Your belief in your ability to influence dissimilar others in a global context
The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace is called__________
acquired needs theory
ingratiating tactics
acting humble or friendly or making someone feel good or feel important before making a request
structured interview
asking each applicant the same questions and comparing their responses to a standardized set of answers.
extrinsic reward
commission, money, etc
Louisa is a real estate salesperson. When she sells a house, she earns a sales _______ equal to 6% of the sales price of the house.
commission.
The extent to which an employee identifies an organization and is committed t its goals is known as organizational ______________
commitment
Jordan enjoys working at his company because it has the philosophy that every employee is making an important contribution. As a result, there is a mutual level of respect among all employees. In this situation, the company is creating a feeling of ________.
community
Employee engagement
defined as an individual's involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm for work.
(1) The division of an organization's work among its employees and (2) the application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction are both part of job _____.
design.
When a supervisor no longer gives bonuses for selling a particular product, employees are less likely to try to sell that product. This is a type of reinforcement called ____________
extinction
Josef's mother used to pay him $1 per day to do some household chores, but she has stopped paying him, so Josef has stopped doing his chores. This is an example of _____.
extinction. Extinction is the weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced.
The ability to influence employees to voluntarily pursue organizational goals is known as ____________
leadership
Mediation
process in which a neutral third party,a mediator, listens to both sides in a dispute, makes suggestions, and encourages the to agree on a solution.
participative management (PM)
process of involving employees in setting goals, making decisions, solving problems, and making changes in the organization
World Bank
provides low-interest loan for improvements in developing nations
Employees' belief that they have some degree of control over their work is referred to as _________________
psychological empowerment
Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model is composed of three major elements. Identify those elements-
psychological states. core job characteristics. work outcomes.
Groups often develop through _______________, or a process of alternating periods of stable functioning and dramatic change in norms, roles, and/or objectives caused by an event.
punctuated equilibrium.
John was given a list of tasks to accomplish at work, but he can only remember the last item discussed with his manager. He is experiencing _____________
recency effect
The justice approach to deciding ethical dilemmas is guided by _____.
respect for impartial standards of fairness and equity
moral right to ethical dilemmas
respect for the fundamental rights of human beings
Satisficing model
Looking until one finds satisfactory results
(4) Leadership Effectiveness
- Employee motivation - Employee satisfaction - Employee performance - Leader acceptance - Interaction facilitation - Work-unit performance
Behavioral approaches
- Michigan model- two leadership styles: job-centered and employee-centered - Ohio state model- two dimensions: initiating-structure behavior worldwide
T or F: Tanesha, a middle manager, is responsible for the strategic long-term decisions about the overall direction of her company, and she initializes the corporate goals, policies, and strategies.
False
T or F: When managing for competitive advantage, the first "law of business is "take care of the employees."
False
Affirmative Action
Focuses on achieving equality of opportunity within an organization
***
For each dimension , the amount of control can be high- the leader's decisions will produce predictable result because he or she has the ability to influence work outcomes. Or it can be low: he or she doesn't have that kind of predictability or influence.
Psychological signs
Forgetfulness, boredom, irritability, nervousness, anger, anxiety, hostility, and depression
Laissez-faire Leadership
Form of leadership characterized by a general failure to take responsibility for leading.
A group that is created to do something productive for the organization and is headed by a leader is called a(n
Formal group
Stages of group and team development:
Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjorning
_____________ is a group's blind unwillingness to consider alternatives and the inability to think outside the box.
Groupthink
Which of the following is an accurate conclusion from the "Organizational Culture and Organizational Effectiveness: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Competing Values Framework's Theoretical Suppositions" study involving the culture of 1,000 companies?
Managers can use elements of these cultures to boost innovation and quality.
According to Herzberg, ______________ factors are more frequently associated with achievement, recognition, responsibility. advamcment, and love of the work itself.
Motivating
Dark side traits
Narcissism Machiavellianism Psychopathy
The BLANK enforce(s) procedures so employees may vote to have a union and for collective bargaining.
National Labor Relations Board
Changing
New Information, models, and procedures. Employees need to be given the tools for the change: new information, new perspectives, new models of behavior.
Evaluation
OD Program needs objective evaluation to see if it has done any good
Manner of dress, awards, myths, and stories told about the company, and rituals and ceremonies are
Observable artifacts of organizational culture
Which of the following helps guarantee nonhazardous working conditions for employees?
Occupational Safety and Health Act
A ___________________ consists of workers who are trained to do all or most of the jobs in a work unit, have not direct supervisor, and do their own day-to-day supervision.
Self-managed team
Applying situational theories
Step 1: Identify Important outcomes: what goals am I trying to achieve? (in what time) Step 2: Identify relevant employee leadership behaviors: what management characteristics are best? (for the situation) Step 3: Identify situational conditions: What particular events are altering the situation? (Considerations) Step 4: Match leadership to the conditions at hand: how should I manage when there are multiple conditions? Step 5: Determine how to make the match: Change the manager or change the manager's behavior.
What stage of team development, is characterized by the emergence of individual personalities and roles and conflicts within the group?
Storming
Dave owns several computer repair shops across the Midwest, and he has set a goal for his company of cutting costs in all his locations over the next three years. Dave has set a
Strategic Goal
Shoshanna, the regional manager of a global sales organization, gives freedom to the sales representatives on the amount spent on gifts for prospective Asian and European customers. Shoshanna is managing for ____.
ethical standards
More important than profit growth, stimulating innovation, customer loyalty, and finding qualified employees, global CEOs desire ____.
excellence in execution
Greg, who is from Florida and a geologist for ExxonMobil, decided to transfer to an office in Saudi Arabia. Greg is a(n) ____.
expatriate
Jake is confident that if he studies hard for the next test, he'll earn a high score. In terms of motivation theory, this is an example of _____________________________
expectancy
Robert believes that no matter how hard he studies, he will never pass the exam. According to Victor Vroom's theory, Robert has low _______________________
expectancy
The theory of motivation that asserts that motivation is the combination of how much you want something and how likely you think you are to get it is known as _____ theory.
expectancy theory.
Donna manages the service desk and makes routine decisions related to customer refunds and merchandise returns. Donna also oversees the daily tasks of the cashiers and front desk employees. Donna is a(n) ____ manager.
first line
According to the text, what are the modern way of designing jobs?
fitting jobs to people.
in fiedlers contingency leadership model, the amount of influence a leader has in his or her immediate work environment is called his or her ______
situational control
the level of influence a leader has in his or her immediate work environment is called:
situational control
Americans driving less and young people having less interest in cars are examples of trends in society known as ____ forces.
sociocultural
Karen was surprised when her friend said that the man at the first table in the restaurant must be a great basketball player just because he was tall and African American. Karen's friend was making a ....
stereotype
According to Fieldler, the dimension of situational control referred to as ____________________ ___________________ is the extent to which subordinates perform unambiguous, easily understood routine tasks.
task structure
one of the three dimensions of situational control in the contingency leadership model, ______ is the extent to which tasks are routine , unambiguous, and easily understood
task structure
Peter divided his team into two separate teams that played opposing roles in a debate. this is known as:
the dialectic method
Types of workplaces
Closed, Union, Agency and Open Shop
Performance management - four steps
1) Define performance 2) Monitor & evaluate performance 3) Review performance 4) Provide consequences
The right way to handle a dismissal - 4 suggestions
1) Give the employee a chance first 2) Don't delay the dismissal, and make sure it's completely defensible 3) Be aware how devastating a dismissal can be - to everyone 4) Offer assistance in finding another job
Four ways to handle a dismissal
1) Give the employee a chance first 2) Don't delay the dismissal, and make sure it's completely defensible. 3) Be aware how devastating a dismissal can be - both to the individual and to those remaining. 4) Offer assistance to finding another job
Strategic human resource management process
1) establish the mission & the vision 2) Establish the grand strategy 3) Formulate the strategic plans 4) Plan human resources needed 5) Recruit & select people 6) Orient, train & develop 7) Perform appraisals of people 8) Purpose: Get optimal work performance to help realize company's mission & vision
Reference problems from employers
1) they fear that if they say anything negative, they can be sued by the former employee. 2) they fear if they say anything positive, and the job candidate doesn't pan out, they can be sued by the new employer.
Hostile Environment
The person being sexually harassed doesn't risk economic harm but experiences an offensive or intimidating work environment.
Performance management
a set of processes and managerial behaviors that involve defining, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and providing consequences for performance expectations.
Benefits or fringe benefits
additional non-monetary forms of compensation
Strategic human resource planning
consists of developing a systematic comprehensive strategy for (a) understanding current employee needs and (b) predicting future employee needs.
Collective Bargaining
consists of negotiations between management and employees about disputes over compensation, benefits working conditions, and job security.
Job specification
describes the minimum qualifications a person must have to perform the job successfully.
Social Capital
economic or productive potential of strong, trusting, and cooperative relationships.
realistic job preview (RJP)
gives a candidate a picture of both positive and negative features of the job and the organization before he or she is hired.
Job analysis
is to determine, by observation and analysis, the basic elements of a job.
Assessment center
management candidates participate in activities for a few days while being assessed by evaluators.
Behavioral Appraisals
measure specific, observable aspects of performance., ex: on time for work
Adverse impact
occurs when an organization uses an employment practice or procedure that results in unfavorable outcomes to a protected class (such as Hispanics) over another group of people (such as non-Hispanic whites)
Workplace discrimination
occurs when people are hired or promoted or denied hiring or promotion, for reasons not relevant to the job.
Job posting
placing information about job vacancies and qualifications on on bulletin boards, in newsletters, and on the organization's intranet.
Arbitration
process in which a neutral thrived party, an arbitrator, listens to both parties in a dispute and makes a decision that the parties have agreed will be binding on them.
Recruiting
process of locating and attracting qualified applicants for jos open in the organization.
Bite-size learning Micro-learning
segments learning into bite-size content, enabling a student to master one piece of learning before advancing to anything else.
Behavioral-description interview
the interviewer explores what applicants have actually done in the past.
Situational interview
the interviewer focuses on hypothetical situations
Validity
the test measures what it purports to measure and is free of bias
Predicting future employee needs means
you have to become knowledgeable about the staffing the organization might need and the likely sources for that staffing.
Role Ambiguity
Occurs when others' expectations are unknown.
Quality circles are now known as continuous improvement teams
TRUE
The conflict-handling style of compromising is appropriate when both parties to a conflict have equal power
TRUE
The process of getting oriented and getting acquainted with the group is known as the forming stage of team development
TRUE
The weakness of accommodating as a method for handling conflict is that it is only a temporary fix that fails to address the underlying problem
TRUE
When resources are scarce, conflict is more likely
TRUE
Holistic Wellness Program
Focuses on self-responsibility, nutritional awareness, relaxation techniques, physical fitness and environmental awareness.
Situational Approach or Contingency Approach
to leadership, who believe that effective leadership behavior depends on the situation at hand.
Procedural justice
"How fair is the process for hanging out rewards" The perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions.
International justice
"How fairly am I being treated when rewards are given out? Relates to the "quality of the interpersonal treatment people receive when procedures are implemented.
Distributive justice
"How fairly are rewards being given out" - reflects the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed or allocated.
Need for Affiliation
"I need close relationships" - Desire for friendly and warm relations
House's Model
(1) Leader behaviors are influenced by two contingency factors of (2) employee characteristics and (3) environmental factors in determining (4) the most effective leadership. - Two contingency factors (employee characteristics and environmental factors) cause some leadership behavior to be more effective than others.
Transformational leadership positive results
(1) Measures of organizational effectiveness (2) Measures of leadership effectives and employee job satisfaction (3) More employee identification with their leader and with their immediate work groups. (4) Higher levels of intrinsic motivation, group cohesion, work engagement, and setting goals consistent with those of the leader.
3. The situational leadership theory model: Hersey's appriach
- Paul Hersey and Keneth Blanchard - Situational leadership theory, leadership behavior reflects how leader should adjust their leadership style according to the readiness of the followers. - Managers should be flexible in choosing a leadership behavior style and be sensitive to the readiness level of their employees
(2) Employee characteristics
- Locus of control - Task ability - Need for achievement - Experience - Need for path-goal clarity
Which style is more effective
- The task-orientes style works best in either high-control to low-control situations. - The relationship-oriented style works best in situations of moderate control. If leadership orientation does not match the situation os better try to move leaders into other situations rather than try alter their personalties to fit situations.
Full-range approach
- Transactional leadership- clarify employee roles and tasks, and provide rewards and punishments - Transformational leadership- transform employees to pursue organizational goals over self-interests, using inspirational motivation, idealized influence, individualized consideration, intellectual simulation.
Which three of the following stimulate cohesiveness?
-Allowing off-the-job social events -Recognition and appreciation of each other -Allowing work teams to pick their own teammates
Which of the following are the five primary styles for dealing with conflict?
-Comprising -Accommodating -Forcing -Collaborating -Avoiding
Which four of the following are ways managers can stimulate constructive conflict?
-Create competition among employees -Use the devil's advocacy and dialectic methods -Bring in outsiders for new perspectives -Make changes the organization's procedures.
Project Teams
- solve a particular problem - complete a specific task - brianstorming new marketing ideas - meet once in a while
Which of the following are the five stages of team development?
-Adjourning -Forming -Norming -Performing -Storming
Which two of the following are ways managers can prevent groupthink?
-Allow individuals and outside experts to present other perspectives -Encourage each member of the team or group to provide criticism
Managers are classified into the four levels of
top, middle, first-line managers, team leaders
Sexual Harassment - two types
1) Quid pro quo Environment 2) Hostile Environment
Peter Drucker: 9 behaviors that managers can focus on to improve leadership
1. Determine what needs to be done 2. Determine the right thing to do for the welfare of the entire enterprise or organization 3. Develop action plans that specify desired results, probable restrains, future revisions, check-in points, and implications for how one should spend time. 4. Take responsibility for decisions 5. Take responsibility for communication actions plans and give people the information they need to get the job done. 6. Focus on opportunities rather than in problems. Treat change as an opportunity rather than a threat 7. Run productive meetings. 8. Think and say "we" rather than "I." Think first of the needs and opportunities of the organization. 9. Listen first, speak last.
Successful leader according Ralph Stogdill
1. Dominance 2. Intelligence 3. Self-confidence 4. High energy 5. Task-relevant knowledge
The following theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives on motivation. -
1. Equity theory. 2. Expectancy theory. 3. Goal-setting theory.
10 Characteristics Servant Leadership
1. Focus on leadership 2. Ability to emphasize with other's feelings 3. Focus on healing suffering 4. Self-awarness of strength and weaknesses 5. Use of persuasion rather than positional authority to influence others 6. Broad-based conceptual skills 7. Ability to foresee future outcomes 8. Belief they are steward of their employees and resources 9. Commitment to the growth of people 10. Derive to build community within and outside the organization.
The four motivational mechanisms associated with goal-setting theory.-
1. It directs your attention. 2. It regulates the effort expanded. 3. It increases your persistence. 4. It fosters use of strategies & action plans.
How the situational leadership model works
1. Leadership styles- relationship behavior (vertical axis) plus task behavior (horizontal axis) - Relationship behavior: is the extent to which leaders maintain personal relationships with their followers, as in providing support and keeping communication open - Task behavior: is the extent to which leaders organize and explain the role of their followers, which is achieved by explaining what subordinated are to do and how tasks are to be accomplished. 2. Four leadership styles: - telling: high task and low relationship - selling: High task and high relationship - participating: High relationship and low task - delegation: Low relationship and low task 3. When a leadership style should be used depends on the readiness of the followers.
leadership copes with change in three ways
1. determining what needs to be done- setting a direction 2. creating arrangements of people to accomplish an agenda- aligning people 3. ensuring people do their jobs- motivating and inspiring
A feedback technique in which an employee is appraised by her boss, peers, subordinates and possibly clients is called a BLANK appraisal.
360-degree
Innovation systems
A coherent set of interdependent processes and structures that dictates how the company searches for novel problems and solutions, synthesizes ideas into a business concept and product designs, and selects what projects get funded.
Maria worked in a manufacturing facility. Throughout the building there were posters and calendars of a sexually explicit nature, and they made Maria feel very uncomfortable. This is
A hostile work environment
Which of the following statements about sexual harassment is true?
A person who feels he or she must acquiesce to a sexual proposition to keep his or her job i facing quid pro quo
Team
A small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable.
1. UP
A transformational leader inspires motivation by offering an agenda, a grand design, an ultimate goal- in short, a vision, a realistic, credible, attractive future. This, attracts commitment, energizes workers, creates meaning in their lives, establishes a standard of excellence, promoted high ideals, and bridges the divide between the organization's problems and its goals and aspiration.
______ is designed to elicit different opinions without inciting people's personal feelings. A. Groupthink B. Programmed conflict C. Social loafing D. Storming E. Dysfunctional conflict
B. Programmed conflict
Hannah is on a team with Carson, and they are often in conflict. Hannah likes to begin her work with careful planning and she gets started immediately. Carson, on the other hand, likes trying out several ideas, and tends to be working frantically at the last minute. Their team conflict most likely stems from A. time pressure. B. a personality clash. C. communication failure. D. ambiguous jurisdictions. E. inconsistent goals.
B. a personality clash.
Self-managed teams are groups of workers who have been given ______ for their task domains. A. individual incentives B. administrative oversight C. reduced responsibility D. complete freedom E. no technology
B. administrative oversight
During the forming stage, the leader should A. establish permanent control. B. allow people to socialize. C. empower team members. D. encourage disagreement. E. work through team conflicts.
B. allow people to socialize.
Pay for performance
Bases pay on one's results
Legitimating Tactics
Basing request on one's authority or right, organizational rules or policies, or express or implied support form superiors.
Dora is conduction a performance appraisal for sue, one of her employees. The company's performance appraisal form asks her to rate Sue's performance on various items like "Submits reports on time with minimal errors" on a scale of 1 to 5. Dora's is using a BLANK appraisal system.
Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS)
Age stereotypes
Belief that older workers are less motivated, more resistant to change, less trusting, less healthy, and more likely to have problems with work-life balance.
Contingency Approach to leadership
Believe that effective leadership behavior depends on the situation at hand. A situation change, and different styles become appropriate. Three contingency approaches: 1. The contingency approach by Fiedler 2. The path-goal leadership model by House 3. The situational leadership model by Hersey
Functional Conflict
Benefits the main purposes of the organization and serves its interests. Good for organizations.
Transformational/transactional
Best leaders learn to display both transactional and transformational styles of leadership. Whereas transactional leaders are dispassionate, transformational leaders excite passion, inspiring and empowering people to look beyond their own interests to the interests of the organization. they appeal to their followers' self-concepts -their values and personal identity- to create changes in their goals, values, needs, beliefs, and aspirations.
Which of the following is an important aspect when creating a self-managed team? A. Lessen the authority and autonomy that is granted. B. Require participation to be outside of normal working hours. C. Use some form of team compensation. D. Allow workers to simply do their own thing. E. Require voluntary only membership.
C. Use some form of team compensation.
To prevent groupthink, a manager should A. reinforce how capable the group is. B. never admit errors to outsiders. C. bring in outside experts for fresh perspectives. D. encourage everyone to "get with the team." E. express high confidence in the group's previous decisions.
C. bring in outside experts for fresh perspectives.
Administrative oversight given to self-managed teams does not include A. planning. B. scheduling work. C. implementing change. D. monitoring performance. E. staffing.
C. implementing change.
Tension was thick in the room as the management team discussed changes to promotion requirements. But then Chris made a joke about Jake's white-knuckled grip on his pen, and the laughter seemed to improve the mood. Chris was acting in a ______ role. A. relational B. task C. maintenance D. social E. production
C. maintenance
_________ hinders the organization's performance or threatens its interests.
Dysfunctional conflict
Which of the following is an advantage of smaller groups? A. Fewer distractions B. More formalized team leadership C. More creativity and innovation D. More division of labor E. Better interaction and coordination
E. Better interaction and coordination
Which of the following is a way managers can enhance team cohesiveness? A. Isolating the group from the actions of competitors or other threats. B. Providing team members precise instructions for their tasks. C. Creating a relatively large team. D. Assigning members randomly to teams. E. Emphasizing members' common characteristics.
E. Emphasizing members' common characteristics.
Obtain Human Capital
Economic or productive potential of employee knowledge, experience, and actions.
Greg, a supervisor, is known by his managers to be sharp in his decisions and has a good track record of meeting his goals; Greg is what type of manager?
Effective
Conclusion
Effective leaders: 1. Tend to have supportive or employee- centered relationships with employees 2. Use group rather than individual methods of supervision 3. Set high-performance goals.
Tom, a restaurant general manager, carefully watches his costs by reusing some items that i the past were immediately thrown away. Tom is an example of what kind of manager?
Efficient
For example
Employees with an internal locus of contro are more likely to prefer achievement-oriented leadership or group-oriented decision making. Sme gor high experienceask ability and t employees. Employees with an external locus of control, view the environment incontrollable, so they prefer supportive or path-goal-clarifying structures. Same inexperienced employees. House's revision puts more emphasis on the need for leaders to foster intrinsic motivation through empowerment; and stresses the concept of shared leadership.
Closed Shop
Employer may hire only workers for a job who are already in the union. This is illegal
Work-life benefits
Employer-sponsored benefit programs or initiatives designed to help all employees balance work life with home life.
Gregor feels that other employees in his department are given important tasks than he is. He doesn't understand why they are rewarded with these bigger projects because he has been working there as long as they have and has the same skill set. Which perspective explains how Gregor feels?
Equity Theory
Perspectives on motivation - three processes
Equity/justice theory Expectancy theory Gold-setting theory
Which of the following theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives on motivation? P. 406
Equity/justice theory Expectancy theory Gold-setting theory
Janeen's boss is so pleased with her sales performance during the past quarter that he gives her a bonus. In terms of the model of motivation, the bonus represents a _________
Extrinsic rewards
Which Big Five personality dimension is positively correlated with outgoingness and sociability?
Extroversion
Match the Big Five personality dimensions with its description
Extroversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Emotional Stability Openness to experience
A formal group typically has no officially appointed leader, although a leader may emerge from members of the group
FALSE
A maintenance crew is an example of an action team
FALSE
A positive outcome of groupthink is the development of more alternative ideas
FALSE
A team created to broaden the information base for managerial decisions is known as a recommendation team
FALSE
Creating self-managed teams in the workplace has a very positive effect on job satisfaction and organizational commitment
FALSE
Group cohesion arises during the forming stage of group development
FALSE
Many groups stall in the performing stage of group development
FALSE
Mutual trust and commitment are developed within a team because members are mutually accountable to a supervisor
FALSE
Describe the stages of group development. For each, discuss what questions the individual asks at that stage, and what the leader should do to facilitate it.
Forming: the process of getting oriented and acquainted. People ask, "Why are we here?" Leaders should help people get to know each other. Storming: individual personalities and roles emerge, and conflict begins. People ask, "Why are we fighting over who does what and who's in charge?" Leaders should encourage people to speak out with ideas and disagreements and to work through their conflicts. Norming: conflicts are resolved, close relationships develop, and unity and harmony emerge. People ask, "Can we agree on roles and work as a team?" Leaders should emphasize unity and help the team identify goals and values. Performing: members solve problems and complete the task. People ask, "Can we do the job properly?" Leaders should empower members. Adjourning: members prepare for disbandment. People ask, "Can we help members transition out?" Leaders can help ease the transition with rituals.
The ___________ leadership approach asserts that leadership behavior varies across a wide variety of leadership styles, ranging from take no responsibility leadership to transformational leadership
Full Range
When the new government regulations were going to force Tyler's company to reinvent the entire production system, Tyler knew that after the work was done, his company would benefit. This demonstrate the idea of:
Functional conflict
Which of the following are included in the internal dimensions of diversity
Gender, age, ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, and physical abilities
3. Consultation
Getting others to participate in a decision or change
Openness to experience
How intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broadminded one is.
Three dimensions of situational control
How much control and influence a leader has in the immediate work environment. - Leader-member relations: Do my subordinates accept me as a leader (if leader has the support, loyalty, and trust of the group) Good/Poor - Task structure- Do my subordinated perform unambiguous, easily understood tasks? (the more structured the jobs, the more influence a leader has. High/Low - Position power- Do I have power to reward and punish? More power equals to more control and influence. Strong/weak
Behavioral component of an attitude AKA Intentional component
How one intends or expects to behave toward a situation.
Extroversion
How outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive a person is.
Agreeableness
How trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and sot-hearted one is.
Three concepts important to human resource management
Human capital knowledge workers social capital
BLANK includes the activities managers perform to plan for, attract, develop, and retain and effective workforce.
Human resource management
Inside Forces for Change
Human resources concerns Unmet needs, job dissatisfaction, absenteeism & turnover, productivity, participation/suggestions Managers' behavior Conflict, leadership, reward systems, structural reorganization
Leaders behavior (6) Group-oriented decision making
I want your suggestions in order to help me make decisions Pose problems rather than solutions to work groups. Encourage members to participate in decision making. Provide necessary information to the group for analysis. Involve knowledge employees in decision making.
Leaders behavior (7) Representations and networking
I've got a great bunch of people working for me whom you'll probably want to meet. Present work group in positive light to others. Maintain positive relationships with influential others. Participate in organization-wide social functions and ceremonies. Do unconditional favors for others.
In-group exchange
In the in-group exchange, the relationship between leader and follower becomes a partnership characterized by mutual trust, respect and liking, and a sense of common fate. Subordinates may receive special assignments and privileges. Why? compatibility + associated w/ goal commitment, trust between managers and employees, work climate, satisfaction with leadership, and job performance and job satisfaction.
Out-group exchange
In the out-group exchange, leader are characterized as overseers who fail to create a sense of mutual trust, respect, or common fate. Subordinates receive less of the manager's time and attention than those in in-group exchange relationships. Why? Competence
Which of the following are likely characteristics of transformational leaders?
Individual Characteristics - extroverted, agreeable, proactive, and open to change Organizational Culture - Adaptive, flexible organizational cultures, more rigid, bureaucratic cultures
What are the two factors influencing transformational leaders
Individual Characteristics, Organizational Culture
Organizational behavior (OB) - two areas
Individual behavior Group behavior
Employee Characteristics
Individual differences in actions, and inactions, and perceptions of change.
Initiating Structure- What do I do to get the job done?
Initiating structure is leadership behavior that organized and defines what group members should be doing. The efforts the leader makes to get things organized and get the job done. - "Likert's job-ceneterd behavior"
the owners of a local restaurant routinely try to develop new menu items and seek better ways of helping their customers; this is an example of ___.
Innovation
Adjouring
Members prepare for disbandment of the group or team
Major trading bloc
NAFTA and EU
writing employee schedules and a lot of things to do for the cook is a type of
Operation Planning
Conflict handling style: Forcing
Ordering an outcome
Phone tech, a global phone company, frequently needs to respond quickly to the fast changing customer tastes with its phones. Therefore, management has fewer rules and procedures than most organizations, and networks of employees are encouraged to to cooperate and respond quickly to unexpected tasks and changes in technology. Phone Tech is utilizing what kind of structure?
Organic
Motivation-Contextual factors
Organizational culture, cross-cultural values, physical environment, rewards and reinforcement, group norms, communication technology, leader behavior, organizational design, organizational climate, job design.
Rather than wait for the other company affiliates to implement casual Friday, Ryan decided to start the practice in his office next week. Ryan displays a __________ personality.
Proactive
Types of Innovation
Product or process Core or Transformational
In equity theory, the outputs received from an organization are which of the following?
Pay, benefits, praise, recognition, bonuses, promotion, status perquisites.
Fundamental attribution bias
People attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics rather than to situational factors.
__________ conflict is the interpersonal opposition based on personal dislike, disagreement, or differing styles.
Personality
Sam and Eric don't get along well because Sam is very rigid and goes "by the book," while Eric is much more likely to bend the rules. This is an example of which type of conflict?
Personality conflict
Richards use of power is directed toward helping himself, instead of using power to help others. This is an example of ______________ power
Personalized
During the tax season, accountant Gregory is under considerable stress to complete all of his clients' tax returns. He finds that he is suffering from repeated headaches. This is an example of a ___________sign of stress.
Physiological
Hillary knows she needs a full-time job so she can buy groceries and clothing for her three children/ Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is Hillary concerned with.
Physiological
Symptoms of Stress
Physiological signs Psychological signs Behavioral signs
Merilee is a seamstress in a garment factory, and she is paid $10 for each women's skirt she produces. What compensation plan does this describe?
Place rate, in which employees are paid according to how much output the produce.
Proactive Change
Planned changes, involves making carefully thought-out changes in anticipation of possible or expected problems or opportunities.
When the manager of a local restaurant sets goals and then develops a plan on how to achieve them, she is
Planning
While sitting at her desk, Ann is setting goals and deciding how to achieve them. She is
Planning
Task-oriented leadership examples of behaviors
Planning Clarifying Monitoring Problem solving Initiating-structure leadership Transactional leadership
Helping people focus on critical problems, choices, and opportunities is possible through
Planning and Strategic Management
Define a self-managed team and how its activities may differ from other teams. From what type of team did it evolve?
Self-managed teams are defined as groups of workers who are given administrative oversight for their task domains. Administrative oversight involves delegated activities such as planning, scheduling, monitoring, and staffing. In many places, such as the Texas Instruments electronics factory in Malaysia, the continuous improvement teams have evolved into a system made up almost entirely of self-managed teams, with routine activities formerly performed by supervisors now performed by team members.
When people tend to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure, it is called.
Self-serving bias
Organizational development (OD)
Set of techniques for implementing planned change to make people and organizations more effective.
Determining what need to be done- planning and budgeting
Setting targets or goals for the future, establishing steps for achieving them, and allocating resources to accomplish them.
B Corporation or Benefit Corporation
Shareholders may for this corporation in which the company is legally required to adhere to socially beneficial practices.
The extent to which a job requires a worker to use a wide range of different abilities and skills.
Skill variety.
What Tamika loves about her job is that every day brings new challenges, and she can use different talents and abilities to complete her job tasks. This is an example of which core job characteristic?
Skill variety.
Behavioral signs
Sleeplessness, changes in eating habits, increased smoking/alcohol/drug abuse
not a symptom of negative stress
Slurred speech
A team with 2-9 members
Small Team
Susan, a movie theater manager, has observed that as workers feel some company policies are not fair, the employees have not been working as hard as in the past. this reduction in effort is known as
Soldiering
George, who owns a small grocery store, has a reputation in the community as a tough manager. Many customers have heard George yell at his employees because he feels that workers today are lazy, lack ambition, and hate work. George is what kind of manager?
Theory X
Race/ethnicity stereotypes
Studies sho that people of color experienced more perceived discrimination and less psychological support than whites. Also associated with more negative work attitudes, physical health, psychological health and organizational citizenship behavior.
Expectancy Theory (Victor Vroom)
Suggest that people are motivated by two thing (1) how much they want something and (2) how likely they think they are to get it.
Goal-setting theory (Edwin Locke and Gary Latham)
Suggests that employees can be motivated by goals that are specific and challenging but achievable.
Job description
Summarizes what the holder of the job does and how and why he or she does it.
Refreezing
Support and reinforce the change. Employees need to be helped to integrate the changed attitudes and behavior into their normal ways of doing things.
Letting the other person determine a resolution that will be mutually beneficial
Supportiveness
Physiological signs
Sweaty palms, restlessness, backaches, headaches, upset stomach, and nausea.
Inputs - Why should we change, and how willing and able are we to change?
Systems approach must make sure the desired changes align with the organization's mission statement, vision statement, and strategic plan.
A cross-functional team is staffed with specialists pursuing a common objective
TRUE
A leader should ease the transition of an adjourning group with rituals celebrating "the end" and "new beginnings."
TRUE
A maintenance role consists of behavior that fosters constructive relationships among team members
TRUE
Conceptual skills consist of
The ability to think analytically, to visualize an organization as a whole, and to understand how the parts work together
Collaboration
The act of sharing information and coordinating efforts to achieve a collective outcome.
The job diagnostic surevey used in connection with the job characteristics model measures an individual's motivating potential score (MPS), which suggests
The amount of internal work motivation associated with a specific job.
Intervention
The attempt to correct the diagnosed problems
Implicit Bias
The attitudes or beliefs that affect our understanding, actions ad decisions in an unconscious manner.
Self-efficacy
The belief in one's personal ability to do a task or suceed
Expectancy
The belief that a particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance.
Sex-role stereotype
The belief that differing traits and abilities make males and females particularly well suited to different roles.
Ethnocentrism or Parochialislm
The belief that one's native country, culture, language, abilities, or behavior is superior to those of another culture
Parochialism or ethnocentrism
The belief that one's native country, culture, language, abilities, or behavior is superior to those of another culture
Readiness for change
The beliefs, attitudes, and intentions of the organization's staff regarding the extent of the changes needed and how willing and able they are to implement them.
When Cheyanne, the manage, was discussing a difficult competitive problem with the owner, she asked, "What management approach do you think will work best in this situation ?" Asking this question to determine a solution is utilizing
The contingency viewpoint
counter productive work behaviors (CWB)
Types of behavior that harm employees and the organizationas a whole
Appliance America customer complaints have increased because its drivers became lost when attempting deliveries and arrived late. The drivers have resisted using GPS systems, claiming they knew their territories. But managers are now encouraging them to use the best solution. Appliance America is in the BLANK stage of Lewin's change model.
Unfreezing
the leader-member__ model of leadership emphasizes that leaders often have different relationships with different groups or subordinates.
exchange
outsourcing
getting things from an outside supplier
Orientation
helping the newcomer fit smoothly into the job and the organization
Onboarding
programs which help employees integrate and transition to new jobs by making them familiar with corporate policies, procedures, culture, and politics by clarifying work-role expectations and responsibilities
Introducing a practice that is new to the industry is called a(n) BLANK change.
radical
What is the assessment of the external environment? What are the critical issues facing the business? Can the business execute the strategy? According to Bossidy and Charan, these are some of the questions that should be addressed in a _____.
strong strategic plan
The key correlates of job satisfaction are which of the following?
stronger motivation, job involvement, organizational commitment, and life satisfaction and less absenteeism, tardiness, turnover and perceived stress.
Malik and his managers spent a large sum of money on the new training program, and they feel that there has been little improvement as a result of the investment. The training is scheduled to continue for two more months, and Malik feels that with all the money already spent on the project, it is too costly to simply abandon it. This is known as ______.
sunk-cost bias
A self-managed team consists of workers who are trained to do all or most of the jobs, and the team performs its work without any direct _________.
supervision
The top management of Tasty Foods, a food distribution company, has set strategic goals of increasing organizational market share and also decreasing corporate costs over the next three years. Greg, a division manager for Tasty Foods, has looked at his resources, and decided how his division can contribute to the two strategic goals set by upper management. These types of objectives set by Greg are _____.
tactical goals
A _____________________ role consists of behavior that concentrates on getting the team's work done.
task
The mass media is considered part of an organization's _____.
task environment
"do my subordinates perform unambiguous, easily understood tasks?" this question reflects the dimension of situational control called ______
task structure
(1) Leaders behavior
- Path-goal clarifying - Achievement-oriented - Work facilitation - Supportive - Interaction facilitation - Group oriented decision making - Representation and networking - Value-based Revised path goal theory/ before directive, supportive, participative, achievement-oriented.
Behavioral leadership approaches
- Patterns of behavioral or leadership styles. - Attempts to determine the distinctive styles used by effective leaders. - Leadership style: the combination of traits, skills, and behaviors that leaders use when interacting with others. - What all models of leadership behavior have in common is the consideration of task orientation versus people orientation. - Two studies: Michigan/Ohio university
What are the disadvantages of larger teams?
-social loafing -less interaction -lower morale
Fitting people to jobs
Based on the assumption that people will gradually adapt to any work situation.
BLANK is the process by which a company compares its performance with that of high-performing organizations.
Benchmarking
Conflict handling style: Compromising
Both parties give up something to gain something
The retail store where David works always adds extra staff during the busy holiday season and summer months. Managers know that this additional staff will relieve some of the stress year-round employees feel. The addition of the extra staff is an example of a ______________
Buffer
For years, a mathematics professor experienced abusive behavior at a community college where he taught. It began with a group of managers spreading rumors and false accusations that threatened his job. It was emotionally draining and took time and focus away from his job. This is an example of what?
Bullying
Groups that make it through storming generally do so because A. they develop groupthink. B. someone wins the political battle and dominates the group. C. someone besides the leader challenges the group to resolve power struggles. D. the work gets done. E. the focus generally is on social loafing.
C. someone besides the leader challenges the group to resolve power struggles.
A _______ is defined as a small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves accountable. A. cross-functional team B. group C. team D. panel E. formal group
C. team
A choice made from available alternatives
Decision
Two types of team roles are task and stability
FALSE
Execution
The process of discussing hows and whats and of using questioning analysis, and follow-through to achieve the results promised and ensure accountability. Requires organizations to effectively manage people, groups and organizational processes and systems in the pursuit of innovation.
Negative reinforcement
The process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative.
Punishment
The process of weakening behavior by presenting something negative or withdrawing something positive.
Motivation
The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directing behavior.
Fringe Benefits or benefits
additional non-monetary forms of compensation
Luxere Hotels International, an American company, sells the rights to other hospitality companies globally to open hotels with the Luxere name for a fee and a share of the profit, in return for using Luxere's brand name and a package of materials and services. This defines ____.
franchising
A relatively stable trait that is grounded in the belief that something greater than the self exists is called ______________
humility
Peter, the owner, is even more committed to making the used copier, which he recently purchased, work even though it keeps jamming and people have been telling him about other problems they have been having with it. Peter is affected by ______.
the escalation of commitment bias
Clawblacks
the recovery of money already disbursed
_____________ is the ability to influence employees to voluntarily pursue organizational goals
Leadership
At times, customers have an unexpected need and require certain departments, such as production, to change their schedules to meet the demands of the sales department. When Susan, the vice president of marketing, is involved in resolving this conflict, this is an essential part of which management function?
Leading
As shift supervisor Cassandra developed the schedule for the day indicating which of the staff would be doing which job. The staff follows this schedule because of Cassandras __________ power
Legitimate
The type of power that all managers have that results from their formal position within the organization is called _____________ power
Legitimate
1. Legitimate power: Influencing behavior because of one's formal position
Legitimate power, which all managers have, is power that result from manager;s formal position within the organization. This power is may be exerted both positively or negatively- as praise or as criticism.
Saying "This has been Green Lighted at the highest level" is an example of persuasion using which influence tactic pressure coalition legitimating exchange
Legitimating
Potential implications of teams experiencing group think?
Less new information is introduced Fewer alternative ideas being brought to the table by members
Leaders behavior (5) Interaction facilitation
Let's see how we can all work together to accomplish our goals Emphasize collaboration and teamwork. Encourage close employee relationships and sharing minority opinion. Facilitate communication, resolve disputes.
Why women are not on the Top
Men: (1) women lack general management experience (2) women have not been in the executive talent pool long enough to get selected. Women: (1) male stereotyping (2) exclusion from important informal networks. 1. Women simply aren't willing to compete as hard as most men are or are not willing to make the required personal sacrifices. 2. Women have a tendency to be overly modest and to give credit to others rather than taking it for themselves. 3. Women are less likely than their male counterparts to have access to a supportive mentor. 4. Early-career success is pivotal; women MBAs start out at lower levels than men do in their 1st job.
Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ___________________ pay.
Merit
External locus of control
You believe external forces control you.
internal Locus of control
You believe you control your own destiny
The basic lesson of Herzberg's research is that_______________________
You should first eliminate dissatisfaction (hygiene factors), making the working conditions, pay levels, and company policies are reasonable. You should then concentrate on spurring motivation by providing opportunities for achievement, recognition, responsibility, and personal growth (motivating factors).
Quid pro quo harassment
the person to whom the unwanted sexual attention is directed is put in the position of jeopardize in being hired for job or obtaining job benefits or opportunities unless he or she implicitly or explicitly acquiesces.
Decision tree
A structure of problem-solving ideas, with its roots based on the organization's mission
The conflict-handling style in which a person neglects their own concerns and allows the concerns of another to prevail is known as
Accomodating
A team that works to accomplish tasks that require people with specialized training and a high degree of coordination is called a(n
Action team
Dave has arranged a catered lunch for all his team members to celebrate the completion of their work so they can see one another before being assigned to new teams. Dave's team is now in which stage of team development?
Adjourning
Buffers
Administrative changes that managers can make to reduce the stressors that lead to employee burnout.
Which type of workplace discrimination occurs when an organization uses an employment practice that results in unfavorable outcomes to protected class (it is not obvious, but subtle discrimination)?
Adverse impact
A college professor who is required by the department chair to use a certain textbook and has no input into the number or types of assignments she uses in class would likely have low ____________________
Autonomy
Which of the following is a characteristic of a continuous improvement team? A. A built-in part of any effective organizational group. B. A type of advice team. C. Requires assigned membership. D. Emerged from self-managed team concept. E. Encourages high empowerment.
B. A type of advice team.
Which of the following is not a benefit of teamwork in an organization? A. Increased speed B. Decreased stress C. Reduced costs D. Improved workplace cohesiveness E. Reduced destructive internal competition
B. Decreased stress
In all but the worst weather, Laura and four of her coworkers met each day at 12:15 to walk the wilderness trail behind their office building. This is an example of a(n) A. continuous improvement team. B. informal group. C. self-managed team. D. virtual team. E. formal group.
B. informal group.
Luis, Kennedy, and Jennifer met once a week for several months in the fall to redesign department work spaces, to be implemented when the organization moved to a new building in January. This is an example of a A. top management team. B. problem-solving team. C. cross-functional team. D. virtual team. E. continuous improvement team.
B. problem-solving team.
Marielle points out during the meeting that the group has fallen a half hour behind schedule according to the agenda, and should get back to the important work at hand. She is performing a ______ role. A. relational B. task C. maintenance D. social E. production
B. task
Nico felt uncomfortable about cheating on the last quiz. He was able to reduce his cognitive dissonance by telling himself that students cheat all the time and it was only a quiz, not a major test. What of the following strategies did Nico use to reduce his cognitive dissonance?
Belittling the importance of the inconsistent behavior
3. Coercive power: Influencing behavior by threatening or giving punishment
Coercive behavior, which all managers have, result from manager's authority to punish their subordinates. Punishment can range from verbal or written reprimands to demotions to terminations. Coercive power has to be used judiciously.
_____________ describes the psychological discomfort a person experiences when his or her attitude and behavior are incompatible.
Cognitive dissonance
Forbes wrote about faster speed to market
Companies that take too long to commercialize their products may fail to capitalize on a narrow window of opportunity before competitors swoop in and pass them by.
Feeling qualified, knowledgeable and capable of completing a goal or task.-
Competence.
ABC manufacturing employs some of the top professionals in its field, and because of their skills and experience, ABC is highly efficient and outperforms its competitors. ABC Manufacturing has a what over its competition?
Competitive advantage
Proactive personality
Someone who is more apt to take initiative and persevere to influence the environment
Knowledge worker
Someone whose occupation is principally concerned with generating or interpreting information, as opposed to manual labor.
Nonwork demands
Stress created by forces outside the organization.
Individual Role Demands
Stress created by others' expectations of you.
Role Overload
Stress occurs when others' expectations exceed one's ability
A team is a small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose and performance goals
TRUE
A work team may be self-managed, cross-functional, virtual, or even all of these at the same time
TRUE
According to research, negative conflict can have positive effects on performance
TRUE
Allowing criticism of ideas helps prevent groupthink
TRUE
Among the benefits of teamwork is the reduction of destructive internal competition
TRUE
An example of a task role is an initiator, someone who suggests new goals or ideas
TRUE
Certain kinds of conflict can be beneficial for organizations
TRUE
Competition is a form of conflict
TRUE
Devil's advocacy is a method used to induce programmed conflict
TRUE
During the performing stage, the leader of a team should allow members the empowerment they need to work on tasks
TRUE
Groupthink is a cohesive group's blind unwillingness to consider alternatives
TRUE
In the storming stage of group development, the leader should encourage members to work through their conflicts about tasks and goals
TRUE
In the workplace, informal groups can undercut the plans of formal groups
TRUE
Informal groups can be highly productive, even more so than formal groups
TRUE
Larger teams are more likely than small ones to have formal and autocratic leadership
TRUE
Managers can stimulate cohesiveness in teams by encouraging people to have face-to-face exchanges at work
TRUE
Managers of virtual workers should arrange for them to meet regularly
TRUE
Members of smaller teams tend to be more highly committed and satisfied
TRUE
Norms point up the boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable behavior among group or team members
TRUE
People tend to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone, a tendency known as social loafing
TRUE
Performance in the workplace is maximized with a moderate level of conflict
TRUE
The upper management of large national retail grocery store has passed along the new goals of improving customer service to the district managers. At this point, the district managers need to determine how the stores in their district will achieve top management's goal with the given resources during the next 6 to 24 months. This type of planning known as...
Tactical Planning
Jakob thought he'd enjoy his job as a web designed, but it turns out that he is responsible only for updating web pages and not for creating them, too. According to the jobs characteristics model, Jakorb has low ______________ p. 415
Task Identity
Which core job characteristic describes the extent to which a job requires the worker to perform all of the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end?
Task identity
The extent to which a job requires the worker to perform all the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end.
Task identity.
This type of role consists of behavior that concentrates on getting the team's work done
Task role
The extent to which affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside the organization.
Task significance.
Creativity
The act of developing new and imaginative ideas into reality
Well-being
The combined impact of five elements - positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement (PERMA)
Human Resource management (HR)
consists of the activities managers perform to plan for attract, develop, and retain an effective workforce.
According to Harvard professor John Klotter, Management is about coping with __________ whereas leadership is about coping with ______________
Complexity, change
Process perspectives
Concerned with the thought processes by which people decide how to act.
Sources of conflict such as differences between personalities, groups, and cultures are called __________
Conflict Triggers
Dysfunctional Conflict
Conflict that hinders the organization's performance or threatens its interests. Bad for organizations.
Following theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives-
(Maslow's) hierarchy of needs theory. (McClelland's) acquired needs theory. (Deci and Ryan's) self-determination theory. (Herzberg's) two-factor theory.
Full-range leadership
- Bernard Bass and Bruce Avolio - Suggests that leadership behavior varies a log a full range of leadership styles, from take-no responsibility (bad leadership) -laissez-faire, at one extreme, through transactional leadership, to transformational leadership at the other extreme (last two good leadership)
1. Inspirational Motivation: Let me share a vision that transcends us all
- Charisma: a form of interpersonal attraction that inspires acceptance and support. - Charismatic leadership: was assumed to be an individual inspirational and motivational characteristic of particular leaders; now is considered part of transformational leadership. Someone with charisma is presumed to be more able to persuade and influence people than someone without charisma.
Companies manage complexity in three ways
- Determining what need to be done - Creating arrangements of people to accomplish an agenda - Ensuring people do their jobs
The ethical things top managers should do to be effective transformational leaders
- Employ a code of ethics - Choose the right people - Make performance expectations reflect employee treatment. - Emphasize value of diversity - Reward high moral conduct
Contingency approaches
- Fiedler's contingency model- task-oriented style and relationship-oriented style- and three dimensions of control: leader-member, task structure, position power - House's path- goal revised leadership model- clarifying paths for subordinates' goals, and employee characteristics and environmental factors that affect leadership behaviors - Hersey's situational leadership model- adjusting leadership style to employee readiness
Leader Member exchange (LMX)
- George Graen and Fred Dansereau The leader-member exchange (LMX) model of leadership emphasized that leader have different sorts of relationship with different subordinates - The LMX quality looks at the quality of relationship between manager-subordinates relationship unique/ The unique relationship can produce two types of leader-member exchange interactions: in-group exchange, out-group exchange
Trait approaches
- Kouzes and Posner's five traits: honest (the most important), competent, forward-looking, inspiring, intelligent. - Gender studies: motivating others, fostering communication, producing high-quality work, and so on. - Leadership lesson from the GLOBE project: visionary and inspirational charismatic leaders who are good team builders are best worldwide
Four additional perspectives
- Leader-member exchange (LMX) model-leaders have different sorts of relationship with different subordinates. - Shared leadership- mutual influence process in which people share responsibility for leading - Greenleaf's servant leadership model- providing service to others, not oneself - E-leadership-using information technology for one-to-one,one-to many, and between group and collective interaction.
Organizations may apply trait theory are
- Organizations may incorporate personality and trait assessments into their selection and promotion process - To enhance leadership traits, organization may send employees to management development programs that include management classes, coaching sessions, trait assessments...
Ohio State Leadership Model
- Ralph Srogdill - Two major dimensions of leader behavior: - Initiating structure - Consideration
University of Michigan Leadership Model
- Rensis Likert- two forms of leadership styles - Job Centered behavior- I am concerned more with the needs of the job: Managers paid more attention to the job and work procedures. Their principal concerns were with achieving production efficiency, keeping cost down, and meeting schedules. - Employee centered behavior- I am concerned more with needs of employees: more attention to employee satisfaction and making work groups cohesive. They hoped to build effective work groups with high performance goals.
Does the revised path-goal theory works?
- Research on transformational leadership is supportive of the revised mode. - It offers two important implications for managers: 1. Use more than one leadership style 2. Modify leadership style to fit employee (ability, experience, and need for independence) and task/environmental characteristics (task characteristics of autonomy, variety, and significance) and manager contingency factors.
Servant Leadership:
- Robert Greenleak - Focus on providing increased service to others -meeting the goals of both followers and the organization- rather than to themselves. - Long-term transformational approach to life and work. Meeting the goals of followers and the organizations, not of oneself
2. Path-goal leadership model
- Robert House - Holds that the effective leader available to followers desirable rewards in the workplace and increases their motivation by clarifying the paths, or behavior, that will help them achieve those goals and providing them with support. - rewards to goal accomplishment, reducing barriers, and providing support
Positive traits for leaders
- Task competence: Intelligence, knowledge, problem-solving skills - Interpersonal competence: Ability to communicate and ability to demonstrate caring and empathy - Traits of character: Conscientiousness, discipline, moral reasoning, integrity, honesty. - Biophysical traits: Physical fitness, hardiness, energy level - Personal traits: Self-confidence, sociability self-monitoring, extraversion, self-regulating, self-efficacy
Which three of the following reflect some of the reasons teamwork is the cornerstone of progressive management?
-Increased speed -Increased productivity -Reduced costs
Which of the following are among the seven considerations for transforming a group into a effective team?
-Motivation through mutual accountability -Clear performance goals and feedback -Groupthink -Size -Cohesiveness
Which three of the following are considered conflict triggers?
-Multicultural conflicts -Intergroup conflicts -Personality conflicts
Based on their core characteristics, which of the following could be considered action teams?
-Police SWAT team -Moutian-climbing expedition -Hospital surgical team -Airline cockpit crew
What are the four types of work teams?
-Project -Action -Production -Advice
Which of the following are true statements about norms?
-They point out the boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. -They have a powerful influence on group and organizational behavior. -They are unwritten.
House's revised path-goal theory - implications
-Use more than one leadership style - Study eight styles offered in path-goal theory -Help employees achieve their goals-guide and coach employees in achieving their goals by clarifying the path and removing obstacles to accomplishing them. -Modify leadership style to fit employee and task characteristics. - Small set of employee characteristic (ability, experience, and need for independence) and environmental factors (task characteristics of autonomy, variety, and significance) are relevant contingency factors, and managers should modify their leadership style to fit them
Recall the four reasons norms tend to be enforced by team members:
-to emphasize important values -to clarify role expectations -to avoid embarrassing situations -to help the group survive
Based upon the text, which of the following are accurate statements concerning the desirable traits of women who excel as executives.
1) Men were observed to display for task leadership and women more relationship leadership. 2) Women used a more democratic or participative style than me, and men used more autocratic and directive style 3) Female leadership was associated with more cohesion, cooperative learning, and participative communication among team members 4) Peers, managers, direct reports, and judges/trained observers rated women executives as more effective than men. Men also rated themselves as more effective than women evaluated themselves.
Five conflict-handling behavior
1) Openness: Stating your views honestly and concentrating on finding a solution to the problem 2) Equality: Evaluate all ideas fairly and logically, without regard to ownership 3) Empathy: Try to experience the other person's feelings and point of view 4) Supportiveness: Let the other person know you want to find a resolution that will benefit you both. 5) Positiveness: Being upbeat and expressing your willingness to work with the other person to find a resolution to the porblem.
Hierarchy of Needs Theory (Abraham Maslow)
1) Physiological need - the most basic human physical need. 2) Safety need - Physical safety, emotional security, avoidance of violence 3) Love Need - Love, friendship, affection 4) Esteem need - Self-respect, status, reputation, recognition,, self-confidence 5) Self-actualization need - Highest Level - Need for self-fulfillment, increasing competence, using abilities to the fullest
Factors that Reduce an organization's ability to learn from failure
1) Play the "blame game" by blaming an individual when it is due to internal or external matters. 2) Suffer "self-serving bias" 3) Don't recognize failures are not created equal; some may be preventable, some uncontrollable 4) Afraid to discuss failures and take risks; company isn't a learning organization. 5) Reluctant to experiment
Reinforcement - Four types
1) Positive reinforcement 2) Negative reinforcement 3) Extinction 4) Punishment
Which actions should managers take when employees exhibit low self-efficacy?
1) Reward small successes 2) Nurture self-efficacy by giving constructive pointers and positive feedback. 3) Assign jobs accordingly - complex, challenging, and autonomous jobs tend to enhance people's perceptions of the self-efficacy. Boring jobs do not
Place the steps in the perceptual process in the correct order, with the first step listed at the top and the last step listed at the bottom...
1) Selective attention-Did I notice something? 2) Interpretation and evaluation- What was it I noticed and what does it mean? 3) Storing in Memory-Remember it as an event, concept, person, or all three. 4) Retrieving from memory to make judgements & decisions
Five Job Characteristics
1) Skill Variety 2) Task Identity 3) Task Significance 4) Autonomy 5) Feedback
Motivation model
1) Unfulfilled need - desire to create to fulfill a need - food, safety, recognition. 2) Motivation - search for ways to satisfy the need 3) Behaviors - Choose a type of behavior you think might satisfy the need 4) Rewards - two types of rewards satisfy needs - - EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC
Union - How workers organize
1) authorization card - needs at least 30% of the worker signed the cards 2) union petitions National Labor Relations Board becoming a bargaining unit. 3) election is held by NLRB and must have 50% or more votes to agree to union.
Readiness 4 components
1) how strongly the company needs the proposed change 2) how much the top managers support the change 3) how capable employees are of handling it 4) how pessimistic or optimistic employees are about the consequences of the result.
Five sources of power leaders may draw on:
1) legitimate 2) reward 3) coercive 4) expert 5) referent
What Organizational Development be used for
1) managing conflict 2) revitalizing organizations. 3) Adapting to mergers
Workplace Behaviors
1) performance and productivity 2) absenteeism and turnover 3) organizational citizenship behaviors 4) counterproductive work behaviors
Predicting future employee needs means you have to become knowledgeable about
1) staffing the organization might need 2) likely sources for staffing.
According to Fielder's contingency leadership model, which two of the following are seen as leader orientations or styles?
1) task-oriented 2) relationship-oriented
Important implications of transformational leadership for managers
1. It can improve results for both individuals and groups: You can use the four types of transformational behavior such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and performance. Also group's outcomes can be improved. 2. I can be used to train employees at any level: also employees can be trained to be more transactional and transformational. 3. It requires ethical leaders
There are nine tactics for trying to influence others
1. Rational persuasion 2. Inspirational appeals 3. Consultation 4. Ingratiating tactics 5. Personal appeals 6. Exchange tactics 7. Coalition tactics 8. Pressure tactics 9. Legitimating Tactics
kotter: companies manage complexity in three ways
1. determining what needs to be done- planning and budgeting 2. creating arrangements of people to accomplish an agenda- organizing and staffing 3. ensuring people do their jobs- controlling and problem solving
Group cohesiveness
A "we feeling" binding group members together.
Disruptive innovation - Clayton M Christensen
A process by which a product or service takes root initially in simple applications at the bottom of a market and then relentlessly moves up market, eventually displacing established competitors.
Human resource inventory
A report listing your organization's employees by name, education, training, languages, and other important information/
Burnout
A state of emotional, mental, and even physical exhaustion expressed as listlessness, indifference, or frustration.
Which of the following is the best way to manage virtual teams? A. Focus on what is accomplished, not hours or locations. B. When beginning with a virtual team, set the final deadline and reprimand any virtual team members who don't make the deadline. C. Because you don't have face-to-face contact, relay instructions via phone. D. Require each team member to keep their own personal record of the work that's been done as a team. E. Utilize employees on a global team around the clock.
A. Focus on what is accomplished, not hours or locations.
Which of the following is true of informal groups? A. Informal groups can advance the plans of formal groups. B. A temporary committee is an example of an informal group. C. Members of an informal group are assigned to it by the skills they possess. D. Informal groups have appointed leaders. E. Informal groups are primarily created to solve an organizational problem.
A. Informal groups can advance the plans of formal groups.
________ conflict is defined as interpersonal opposition based on personal dislike, disagreement, or differing styles. A. Personality B. Competitive C. Dysfunctional D. Communication E. Programmed
A. Personality
At Bremond Stafford Architects, a group of designers are developing the first drawings for a proposed multiuse development section of a large city that is being revitalized. What type of work team is this group? A. Project team B. Production team C. Product team D. Action team E. Advice team
A. Project team
In which of the following conditions should constructive conflict be stimulated? A. The group seems to be apathetic. B. Managers want to achieve work objectives. C. The group is adapting to change. D. Managers are in charge of self-managed teams. E. There is a lot of internal competition.
A. The group seems to be apathetic.
Which of the following is considered one of the most essential considerations in building a group into an effective team? A. Trust B. Promoting groupthink C. Organizational structure D. Market stability E. Size
A. Trust
Which of the following is a disadvantage of smaller groups? A. Unfair work distribution B. Autocratic leadership C. Lower morale D. Tendency to form cliques E. Tendency to take unreasonable risk
A. Unfair work distribution
Who are typical members of continuous improvement teams? A. Workers and supervisors B. Supervisors and managers C. Managers and agents representing competitors D. Managers and outside suppliers E. Customers and suppliers
A. Workers and supervisors
Rachel missed another deadline and her boss Keri is very upset. She will have to explain to the client again why the project is behind. Keri thinks she may say something she'll regret if she talks to Rachel about this now, so she decides to wait awhile. Keri is using the ______ conflict-handling style. A. avoiding B. collaborating C. compromising D. forcing E. accommodating
A. avoiding
Becca asked Kevin, one of her team members, to purposefully think of and voice criticisms as the group discussed a popular idea to open a branch office in another state. This is an example of the use of A. devil's advocacy. B. groupthink. C. the dialectic method. D. storming. E. dysfunctional conflict.
A. devil's advocacy.
Dave sat through the meeting feeling convinced his team was misinterpreting recent marketing research, but he didn't say anything. The team leader was a close friend. Plus, he didn't want to disrupt the team since he perceived himself to be the only one with reservations. Dave's team appears to be experiencing A. groupthink. B. storming. C. social loafing. D. norming. E. devil's advocacy.
A. groupthink.
Jerald led a team that has just finished up a very challenging research project that will assist management in developing long-range plans. Despite the stress of the past few months, most participants seem sad it's over. Now Jerald should A. have an awards ceremony. B. emphasize unity. C. get the group disbanded quickly to free people up for new things. D. provide opportunities for people to get to know each other better now. E. ensure those members can work on similar tasks going forward.
A. have an awards ceremony.
Since hard feelings about group leadership and assignments had passed, Elena's group recently seemed to be relating much better. At the meeting tomorrow she should take advantage of this moment by A. helping the team identify group goals and values. B. encouraging members to voice disagreements. C. helping people get to know each other. D. empowering the members. E. throwing a thank-you party.
A. helping the team identify group goals and values.
Dysfunction conflict is sometimes called ______ conflict. A. negative B. irregular C. destructive D. aggressive E. apathetic
A. negative
The stage during which a group sets guidelines about issues like attendance and punctuality is the ______ stage. A. norming B. storming C. forming D. adjourning E. performing
A. norming
Members of a team develop their ______ based on the expectations of the team, of the organization, and of themselves. A. roles B. norms C. groupthink D. job descriptions E. social fit
A. roles
The group development stage in which individuals test the leader's policies and assumptions as they try to determine how they fit into the power structure is the ______ stage. A. storming B. norming C. performing D. forming E. adjourning
A. storming
Values
Abstract ideals that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations.
When the conversation with her coworker seemed to stall, Trisha announced, "Look, let's just do whatever you want to do." What conflict-handling style is Trisha demonstrating?
Accommodating
Integrity Tests
Assess attitudes and experiences related to a person's honesty, dependability, trustworthiness, reliability, and pro-social behavior.
In the performing stage of group development, members A. prepare for disbandment. B. develop close relationships. C. concentrate on solving problems. D. test the leader's policies. E. hold back to see what will happen.
C. concentrate on solving problems.
Workplace performance is maximized when A. conflict is absent. B. conflict is at a very low level. C. conflict is at a moderate level. D. conflict is at a high level. E. conflict occurs only at nonmanagerial levels.
C. conflict is at a moderate level.
The principal by-product of the norming stage of team development is A. adjournment. B. uncertainty. C. group cohesiveness. D. conflict. E. empowerment.
C. group cohesiveness.
Perry was part of a 15-person grounds beautification committee, and among its responsibilities were monthly parking lot cleanup and weekly patio sweeping. He was a part of the committee at his boss's request but had never actually helped with anything. This is likely an example of A. storming. B. devil's advocacy. C. social loafing. D. procrastinating E. adjourning.
C. social loafing.
Individuals are said to be cooperating when A. they have reciprocal faith in others' intentions and behaviors. B. they have a sense of togetherness and unity. C. their efforts are systematically integrated to achieve a collective objective. D. their motivation comes from a desire to please a supervisor or the seeking of a tangible reward. E. they have ceased to be competitive with one another and prefer harmony.
C. their efforts are systematically integrated to achieve a collective objective.
Bonuses
Cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives
Consideration- What do I do to show consideration for my employees
Consideration is leadership behavior that expresses concern for employees by establishing a warm, friendly, supportive climate. Is sensitive to subordinates' ideas and feeling and established mutual trust. - Reassembles Likert's employee-centeres behavior.
Change Agent Characteristics
Consistof his or her individual diferences, experriences, actions and inactions, and perceptions of change.
Task Role or Task-oriented role
Consists of behavior that concentrates on getting the team's tasks done.
Maintenance role or Relationship-oriented Role
Consists of behavior that fosters constructive relationships among team members.
Relationship-oriented Role or Maintenance role
Consists of behavior that fosters constructive relationships among team members.
Job enrichment
Consists of building into a job such motivating factors as reprehensibility, achievement, recognition, stimulating work, and advancement.
Job Characteristics model
Consists of five core job characteristics that affect three critical psychological states of an employee that in turn affect work outcomes - employee's motivation, performance, and satisfaction. Skill variety Task Identity Task Significance Autonomy Feedback
Job enlargement
Consists of increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation.
Base Pay
Consists of the basic wage or salary paid employees in exchange or doing their jobs.
Cognitive component of attitude
Consists of the beliefs and knowledge one has about a situation.
The district manager of a national fast-food restaurant watches the sales reports for each restaurant daily to compare actual sales with projected sales goals, and then takes corrective action if needed. This function is
Controlling
Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model is composed of three major elements. p. 415
Core job characteristics Psychological states Work outcomes
Unfreezing
Create the motivation to change. Managers try to instill in employees the motivation to change, encouraging them to let go of attitudes and behaviors that are resistant to innovation.
Which of the following is most likely to be considered an action team? A. A group of scientists working on a new cancer drug. B. All workers on the night shift of a plastics manufacturing facility. C. An advisory council on teacher development for a school district. D. An airline cockpit crew. E. An information-technology improvement task force.
D. An airline cockpit crew.
When issues causing conflict are trivial, or when emotions are high and cooling off would be helpful, which conflict-handling style is preferable? A. Collaborating B. Forcing C. Accommodating D. Avoiding E. Compromising
D. Avoiding
Jinhai's team was not making much progress on defining a new production process. Maria was being very uncooperative; she did not agree with the direction Jinhai was taking, so she hadn't helped with her part. This team is in what stage of group development? A. Performing B. Forming C. Adjourning D. Storming E. Norming
D. Storming
Nordstrom's department store chain emphasizes the great lengths to which it goes in customer service, an example of which of these reasons to enforce norms? A. To clarify role expectations. B. To help the group survive. C. To create cohesiveness. D. To emphasize the group's important values. E. To help individuals avoid embarrassing situations.
D. To emphasize the group's important values.
Malia told her team that she is moving forward with a change to the bonus structure, despite vocal objections from several team members. Malia is using the ______ conflict-handling style. A. avoiding B. collaborating C. compromising D. forcing E. accommodating
D. forcing
Peer pressure, which leads group members to question the loyalty of other members who express dissent, is a symptom of A. social loafing. B. norming. C. devil's advocacy. D. groupthink. E. storming.
D. groupthink.
In managing virtual workers, a manager should A. give directions only by phone or in person. B. make sure the worker is keeping to a fixed schedule of hours. C. let employees work using their own expectations of how to do their jobs. D. meet regularly, face to face. E. initiate change quickly.
D. meet regularly, face to face.
A data processing group is an example of a(n) A. routine team. B. action team. C. advice team. D. production team. E. project team.
D. production team.
Ken, whose primary job is supervising a small production group, is not getting cooperation from all members on the cross-functional team he leads. In particular, Bethany, a marketing manager, seems to resist his direction. The source of conflict in this cause may be A. time pressure. B. a personality clash. C. communication failure. D. status differences. E. ambiguous jurisdictions.
D. status differences.
In the BCG matrix, organizations that have slow growth but high market share and income from them often finances stars and question marks are..
DOGS
Which of the following are characteristics of a Type A behavior pattern?
Deadline-focused Hurried Competitive
Important decisions are made by middle-level and supervisory-level managers with
Decentralized authority
Outside Forces for Change - 4 types
Demographic characteristics Age, education, skill level, gender, immigration Technological advancements Manufacturing automation, information tech. Shareholder, customer, & Market changes Changing customer preferences, domestic & international competition, mergers & acquisitions. Social & political pressures War, values, leadership
Autonomy
Describes the extent to which a job allows an employee to make choices about scheduling different tasks and deciding how to perform them. "I want to feel independent and able to influence by environment" - Freedom and the discretion to determine what they want to do.
Skill Variety
Describes the extent to which a job requires a person to use a wide range of different skills and abilities
Task Identity
Describes the extent to which a job requires a worker to perform all the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end.
Pygmalion effect AKA Self-fulfilling prophecy
Describes the phenomenon in which people's expectations of themselves or others lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true.
Self-fulfilling prophecy AKA Pygmalion effect
Describes the phenomenon in which people's expectations of themselves or others lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true.
Cognitive dissonance
Describes the psychological discomfort a person experiences between his or her cognitive attitude and incompatible behavior
Programmed conflict
Designed to elicit different opinions without inciting people's personal feelings
Cross-functional teams
Designed to include members from different areas within an organizations, such as finance, operations, and sales.
Feedback
Determine next steps after evaluation. Rethink the program and start with the first two steps. How is the change working and what alterations need to be made? Describes the extent to which workers receive clear, direct information about how well they are performing the job.
Applying the job Characteristics Model requires which of the following? (Check all that apply)
Diagnose the work environment to see whether a problem exists. Determine whether job redesign is appropriate. Consider how to redesign the job.
The process of having two people or groups playing opposing roles in a debate to better understand a proposal is known as the __________________ method.
Dialectic
Researchers believe that workplace stress generally affects job performance in which of the following ways.
Diminishes positive emotions, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job performance and increases alcohol and illicit drug use, sleeplessness, overeating, and job turnover. Moderate levels of stress lead to optimal performance Low levels of stress lead to low performance High levels of stress lead to low performance.
BLANK occurs when people are hired or promoted, or denied hiring promotion, for reasons not relevant to the job.
Discrimination
If a firm gives all international assignments to people without disabilities, assuming they will therefore not require special accommodations, which type of workplace discrimination has occurred?
Disparate treatment
Machiavellianism
Displays a cynical view of human nature and condones opportunistic and unethical ways of manipulating people, putting results over principles.
External stakeholders
Distributors, local communities, and the mass media
Utilitarian approach
Doing something for the greater good
Travis proposed the purchase of a new Minolta copier to his boss. Amir said that he has always used and liked Xerox copiers, but when he thinks about it later he realizes he does not really feel strongly about it. Amir should adopt a(n) ______ conflict-handling style. A. avoiding B. collaborating C. compromising D. forcing E. accommodating
E. accommodating
Jane organized several teachers to discuss the school's interior painting scheduled for summer. They looked at several brands, and heard a presentation by a designer who then helped them choose a color palette to recommend to school administrators. In this instance, the teachers make up a(n) A. self-managed team. B. virtual team. C. cross-functional team. D. informal group. E. formal group.
E. formal group.
Two or more freely interacting individuals who share collective norms, share collective goals, and have a common identity are called a A. cluster. B. self-managing work team. C. collaborative unit. D. quality circle. E. group.
E. group.
The ______ stage of team development is characterized by the emergence of individual personalities and roles and conflicts within the group. A. norming B. forming C. adjourning D. performing E. storming
E. storming
A team that consists of members who interact by computer network to collaborate on projects is called a(n) A. remote team. B. e-team. C. self-managed team. D. informal team. E. virtual team.
E. virtual team.
The extent to which a person is relatively secure and unworried and how likely she or he is to experience negative emotions under pressure is known as...
Emotional stability
Trying to experience the other person's feelings and point of view
Empathy
Piece Rate
Employees are paid according to how much output they produce, as is often used with farm workings picking produce
Psychological empowerment
Employees' believe that they have control over their work.
Evaluating all ideas fairly without regard to ownership
Equality
Punctuated equilibrium
Establish periods of stable functioning until an event causes a dramatic change in norms, roles, and/or objectives. The group then establishes and maintains new norms of functioning, returning to equilibrium.
_____________________ theory suggests that employees can be motivated by objectives that are specific and challenging but achievable and that have rewards tailored to individual needs.
Goal-setting
Formal Group
Group assigned by organizations or its managers to accomplish specific goals.
Informal group
Group formed by people whose overriding purpose is getting together for friendship or a common interest.
What is groupthink? Why does it occur? Describe a hypothetical situation in which it seems to be occurring. What should a manager do about it?
Groupthink is a cohesive group's blind unwillingness to consider alternatives. It arises when cohesion in a group becomes too high, and it causes reduction in alternative ideas and limiting of information. Some symptoms include invulnerability, inherent morality, and stereotyping of opposition; rationalization and self-censorship; and illusion of unanimity, peer pressure, and mindguards. Managers should strive to decrease it by allowing criticism and encouraging other perspectives.
Which of the following does the Americans with Disabilities Act NOT do?
Guarantees an individual wth a disability every job they apply for.
Justice approach
Guided by respect for impartial standards of fairness and equity
Which of the following is an effective way to deal with change and innovation?
Have the courage to follow your ideas
Narcissism
Having a "self-centered perspective, feelings of superiority, and a drive for personal power and glory."
Leaders behavior (3) Work facilitation
Here's the goal, and here's what I can do to help you achieve it. Plan, schedule, organize, and coordinate work. Provide mentoring, coaching, counseling, and feedback to assist employees in developing their skills. Eliminate roadblocks. Provide resources. Empower employees.
Leaders behavior (1) Path-goal clarifying
Here's what's expected of you and here's how to do it. Clarify performance goals. Provide guidance on how employees can compete task. Clarify performance standards and expectations. Use positive and negative rewards contingent on performance.
IKEA employees are expected to work hard, inspired by an anecdote from their Swedish founder, Invar Kamprad, in which he told how he was berated by his father for failing repeatedly to get out of bed to milk the cows on his family's farm. Then one day he got an alarm clock. "'Now by jiminy, I'm going to start a new life,' he determined, setting the alarm for twenty to six and removing the 'off button'" Invar Kamprad is an example of a
Hero
Motivating factors
Higher level are factors associated with job satisfaction, such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and advancement all of which affect the job content or the rewards of work performance.
Comparison
How do you think your ratio of inputs and rewards compares with those of others
Need for achievement
I need to excel at tasks." Desire to excel, do something better or more efficiently, solve problems, to achieve excellence
Leaders behavior (4) Supportive
I want things to be pleasant, since everyone's about equal here. Treat as equals. Show concern for well-being and needs. Be friendly and approachable.
Competence
I want to feel a sense of mastery" - qualified, knowledgeable, and capable of completing a goal or task and to learn skills
Conflict handling style: Avoiding
Ignoring or suppressing a conflict
Which of the following is the BEST example of an effective goal for an employee?
Increase sales by 10% during the next quarter.
Locus of Control
Indicates how much people believe they control their fate through their own efforts.
Dominique, an executive chief in a large hotel, recently attended a training conference sponsored by several top professionals in his field, where he learned numerous ways his restaurant and hotel can better serve customers. Dominique is excited that management asked him to present this information to the hotel staff do the restaurant and hotel can make needed improvements. Dominique's hotel is what kind of organization?
Learning
The systems viewpoint sees organizations as entities made up of interrelated parts known as
Inputs, outputs, transformation processes, feedback
Which of the following are key behaviors for transformational leaders?
Inspirational motivation Idealized influence Individualized consideration Intellectual stimulation
Keri is confident that, if she exceeds her sales quota for the year, she'll be promoted to regional manager. This is an example of the ___________________ element of the expectancy theory.
Instrumentality
Jerry is confident in his ability to perform a new set of tasks, but he does not think he will be adequately rewarded for mastering the new knowledge. He has low ______.
Instrumentality. Instrumentality is the expectation that successful performance of task will lead to the outcome desired.
Acting humble or friendly or making someone feel good or important is an example of what kind of influence tactic
Integrating or ingratiation
The clan culture has an
Internal focus and values flexibility
According to management scholar Henry Mintzberg, managers play three roles:
Interpersonal, informative, decisional
Brittani has worked long hours putting the finishing touches on a presentation to a major client, but she was a strong sense of self-satisfaction with her work and feels good about what he has accomplished. In terms of the model of motivation, this self-satisfaction would be categorized as _____________
Intrinsic reward
Participating
Involves encouraging followers to solve problems on their own. Because it shares decision making, this style encourages subordinated in performing tasks. Most appropriate for followers whose readiness is in the moderate to high range.
Radically innovative change
Involves introducing a practice that is new to the industry.
An organization in which the management builds a commitment to learning, works to generate ideas with impact, and works to generalize ideas with impact is creating a
Learning organization
Project GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness)
Is a massive and ongoing attempt to develop an empirically based theory to "describe, understand, and predict the impact of specific cultural variables on leadership and organizational processes and the effectiveness of these process. This determined that certain leadership attributes were universally liked or disliked. Visionary and inspirational charismatic leaders who are good team builders generally do the best. Self-centered leaders seen as loners or face-savers receive a poor reception worldwide.
Selling
Is explaining decisions and persuading others to follow a course of action. It offers both direction and support. This style is most suitable for followers who are unable but willing to assume task responsibility.
Technical skills consist of
Job-specific knowledge needed to perform well in a specialized field
BLANK are organizations of employees formed to protect and advance their members' interests by bargaining with management over over job-related issues
Labor unions
Initiating-structure leadership
Leader behavior that organizes and defines, that is, "initiates the structure for" what employees should be doing to maximize output.
Which leadership model examines the quality of relationships between managers and subordinates and suggests that leaders have different relationships with different subordinates.
Leader-member exchange
Managers and lasers not always the same
Leaders manage and managers lead. - Management is about coping with complexity - Leadership is about coping with change
____________ create and express and organizations vision and strategic plan, whereas ___________ implement that vison and plan
Leaders; Managers
One of the key "take-aways" from expectancy theory is that a manager should_________________________
Link rewards to levels of employee performance
Trevor knows it is up to him to make the new business plan work. Even if the board of directors steps in to guide the resources, it is still Trevor's job to carry out the plan. Which aspect of a core self-evaluation does Trevor demonstrate?
Locus of control
Hygiene factors
Lower level needs - factors associated with job dissatisfaction - such as salary, working conditions, interpersonal relationships, and company policy all of which affect the job context in which people work.
The process for motivating employee performance in which the manager and employee jointly set objectives for the employee, the manager develops action plans, the manager and employee periodically review the employee's performance, and the manager makes a performance appraisal and rewards the employee according to results is known as
MBO
Research suggests that when writing out and achieving a person's biggest goals, it is important to:
Make a concrete plan and break goals into manageable bites.
Institute Human Resource Policies, Practices, & Procedures
Make policies, reinforce policies are more likely to be innovative and have higher financial performance.
Ed set several goals for his new hire, who failed to complete several of them despite working diligently. According to goal-setting theory, it is likely that Ed did not do which of the following?
Make sure his employee understood and accepted the goals.
Reactive Change
Making changes in response to problems or opportunities as they arise.
Exchange
Making explicit or implied promises and trading favors
- Creating arrangements of people to accomplish an agenda- organizing and staffing
Managers achieves its plans by organizing and staffing.
The theory of motivation that asserts that people are motivated by physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization needs is ______ theory.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Transfer
Moving sideways - transferred for 4 reasons: 1) solve organizational problems - use skill elsewhere 2) broaden their experience 3) retain their interest and motivation 4) solve some employee problems
Voluntary collectives with the purpose of advancing their members' interests are known as
Mutual-benefit organizations
Self centered perspective, feelings of superiority, and drive for personal power and glory
Narcissism
Organizations that are formed to offer services to clients and not make a profit are BLANK, and those organizations that are formed to make money, or profits, by offering products or services are BLANK.
Nonprofit organizations; for-profit organizations
_________ are general guidelines or rules of behavior that are often unwritten but that group or team members follow.
Norms
Technology
Not just computer technology; it is any machine or process that enables an organization to gain a competitive advantage in changing materials used to produce a finished product.
Who initially handles a grievance?
Often procedures are often handled initially by the union's shop steward, an official elected by the union membership who works at the company and represents the interests of unionized employees on a daily basis to the employees' immediate.
________ programs help employees integrate and transition to new jobs by making them more familiar with corporate policies, procedures, culture and politics and clarifying work-role expectations and responsibilities.
Onboarding
programs which help employees integrate and transition to new jobs by making them familiar with corporate policies, procedures, culture, and politics by clarifying work-role expectations and responsibilities
Onboarding
BLANK is the set of techniques used for implementing planned changes to make people and organizations more effective.
Organizational development
Union Security Clause
Part of the labor-management agreement that states that employees who receive union benefits must join the union, or at lease pay dues to it.
Delegating
Providing subordinates with little support or direction. The leader's role is to observe and monitor. This style is best for followers who have a high level of readiness, both able and willing to perform a task.
Lack of concern for others, impulsive behavior, and lack of remorse when your actions harm others
Psychopathy
Weakening a behavior by presenting something negative or withholding something positive.
Punishment.
Gabriel, the CEO of a large global production company, is excited about the introduction of statistics and computer simulations in the design stage of their products. This is an example of
Quantitative techniques (quantitative management)
Which of the following are among the most common influence tactics?
Rational persuasion Inspirational appeals Consultation Ingratiation Personal Appeals Exchange Coalition Tactics Pressure Legitimating Tactics
Two Types of Change
Reactive Proactive
When Jason became one of the three final candidates for a managerial position with a large pharmaceutical company, the director of the department scheduled a special meeting with him. There, the two talked about the stressful deadlines and heavy travel required of the position, as well as the compensation and benefits. Jason appreciated that the director took time to conduct a
Realistic job preview
John's employees have a lot of personal respect and admiration for him. As a result they are very loyal to him. This is an example of _________ power
Referent
5. Personal appeals
Referring to friendship and loyalty when making a request
Personal Appeals
Referring to friendship and loyalty when making a request, asking a friend to do a favor.
Team composition
Reflects the collection of jobs, personalities, values, knowledge, experience, and skills of team members.
Organizational commitment
Reflects the extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goal
Psychological safety
Reflects the extent to which people feel fee to express their ideas and beliefs without fear of negative consequences.
Adaptive change - Least Threatening
Reintroduction of a familiar practice
A sense of belonging and attachment to others. -
Relatedness.
The HR Department of French Quarter Seafood did a training workshop on setting andachieving organization goals. Alex, the store manager of the New Orleans location, has been working with his managers to set objectives that are specific, measurable, attainable, results-oriented, and have target dates. These types of goals define ____.
SMART goals
Jeanine's motto is "Check your bad mood at the office door." Even if she's tired or upset, she makes an effort every day to control her emotions in the workplace. This is an example of which component of emotional intelligence
Self management
According to psychologist Daniel Goleman, what is the most essential trait of emotional intelligence?
Self-awareness
The theory of motivation that asserts that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by the three innate needs of competence, autonomy and relatedness is know as the __________________ theory
Self-determination
Even though she had never instructed anyone on how to use the new software, Millicent accepted the responsibility of instructing Sherri because she knew she was capable of doing the job. Which aspect of a core self-evaluation does Millicent's believe represent?
Self-efficacy
Match the Individual Traits comprising a core self-evaluation with their descriptions.
Self-efficacy Self-esteem Locus of Control Emotional stability
Asked to describe what was most meaningful about his job at senior citizen center, Marc answered, "I make a difference every day to the lives of elderly people in our community." This is an example of which element of the job characteristics model?
Task significance. The extent to which a job affects the lives of other people.
(1) Two leadership orientations
Task versus relationship - LPC: Least preferred co-worker. The higher the score, the more the relationship oriented the respondent; the lower the score, the more task-oriented.
is defined as a small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable.
Team
Norms tend to be enforced by _____________ to help the group survive, to clarify role expectations, to help individuals avoid embarrassing situations, and to emphasize and identify the group's important values.
Team members or the group
________ work intensely with each other to achieve a specific, overriding, common objective, whereas _________ are made up of two or more individuals interacting to meet certain needs.
Teams; groups
Women excel in (high scores than male on variety of measures)
Teamwork and partnering, being more collaborative, seeking less personal glory, being motivated less by self-interest than in what they can do for the company, being more stable, and being less turf-conscious; producing quality work, recognizing trends, and generation new ideas. Also used more democratic or participative style than men (men more autocratic and directive style). Women more social leadership and man more social leadership.
Why does teamwork matter? What results can it achieve?
Teamwork matters because it can support the organization's mission and strategy by enhancing performance in several ways: Increased productivity Increased speed Decreased costs Improved quality Reduced destructive conflict and competition Improved workplace cohesiveness
Donna, the office manager, spends a large part of her day working closely with those whom she supervises to successfully accomplish the many tasks she is responsible for. She also works well with other departments to get things done. Donna is exhibiting which type of managerial skill?
Technical
Darren is interviewing for a new administrative assistant. The three people he interviewed include an older woman, a man in a wheelchair, and a recent college graduate with beautiful blonde hair. Darren knew just by looking at each candidate which one he would hire. His impression of each person was based on a single trait. This is known as __________.
The Halo Effect
Emotional intelligence
The ability to monitor your own feelings and those of others and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions is referred to as ........
Explain the conflict-handling styles a manager might adopt. Give an example of each. Under what circumstances is each style appropriate?
The five styles are: 1. Avoiding—ignoring or suppressing a conflict; appropriate when a person needs to buy time in unfolding and ambiguous situations. 2. Accommodating—allowing the other person's desires to prevail; appropriate when the issue isn't important and is simple and not getting worse. 3. Forcing—ordering or otherwise using power to get people to do it your way; appropriate when quick results are essential. 4. Compromising—splitting the difference; appropriate when both sides have opposite goals and/or possess equal power. 5. Collaborating—devising solutions that benefit both parties; appropriate for complex issues plagued by misunderstanding. The student should give an example of each style.
Bounded Rationality
The idea that proposes the ability of decision makers to be ration is limited complexity, time, cognitive capacity, values, skills, habits, ect.
Transformational Innovation
The invention of breakthrough products or services that don't exist yet and that are aimed at creating brand new markets and customers.
Glass Ceiling
The metaphor for an invisible barrier preventing women and minorities from being promoted to top executive jobs.
Name at least four of the major considerations when building a group into an effective team. Briefly, describe what a manager should do in each area.
The most essential considerations in building a group into an effective team are (1) cooperation, (2) trust, and (3) cohesiveness. These are followed by (4) performance goals and feedback, (5) motivation through mutual accountability, (6) size, (7) roles, (8) norms, and (9) awareness of groupthink. Cooperation: Help employees to share knowledge and learn from one another. Trust: Through enhancing your credibility by showing professionalism, technical ability, and good business sense, you can build trust in your team members. Cohesiveness: Managers can stimulate cohesiveness by encouraging people to have face-to-face exchanges at work. Performance goals and feedback: The manager should make sure that teams have and know their purpose, and it is expressed in measurable goals and feedback. Motivation through mutual accountability: The manager encourages the team to accept responsibility through actions such as allowing the team to hire its own members. Size: Managers understand the advantages and disadvantages of small and large teams, and try to build on strengths while alleviating weaknesses. Roles: The manager should facilitate other team members in determining what their roles in the group will be. Norms: Managers can stimulate cohesiveness by allowing people on work teams to pick their own teammates, allowing off-the-job social events, and urging team members to recognize and appreciate each other's contributions to the team goal. Cohesiveness is also achieved by keeping teams small, and making sure performance standards are clear and accepted. Groupthink: The manager should allow and encourage criticism and bring other perspectives into the group.
Organizational Demands
The physical environments of some jobs are sources of stress: poor lighting, loud noise, no privacy, physical environmental factors, poultry processing, asbestos removal, coal mining, fire fighting, police work, ambulance driving
**
The primary task of leadership is to communicate the vision and the values of an organization; second, leaders must win support for the vision and values they articulate; and third, leaders have to reinforce the vision and the values. Whereas management is a process that lots of people are able to learn, leadership is more visionary.
Perception
The process of interpreting and understanding one's environment
Scientific management
The process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.
True or False: Managers should ask questions to determine what rewards are valued by employees when utilizing Expectancy Theory to motivate workers.
True.
What are the four types of work teams? Describe what each does and provide an example of each.
The types of work teams are: advice, production, project, and action. Advice teams advise managers in decision making. Examples are committees, review panels, advisory councils, employee involvement groups, and quality circles. Production teams perform day-to-day operations. Examples are mining teams, flight-attendant crews, maintenance crews, assembly teams, data processing groups, and manufacturing crews. Project teams do creative problem solving. Examples are task forces, research groups, planning teams, architect teams, engineering teams, and development teams. Action teams accomplish tasks that require people with specialized training and a high degree of coordination. Examples include hospital surgery teams, airline cockpit crews, mountain-climbing expeditions, police SWAT teams, and labor contract-negotiating teams.
Valence
The value, the importance a worker assigns to the possible outcome or reward.
Extinction
The weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced.
Behavior
Their actions and judgements
Content perspectives or Need-based perspectives
Theories that emphasize the nee4ds that motivate people.
Need-based perspectives or Content perspectives
Theories that emphasize the nee4ds that motivate people.
Olivia, the general manager of a bowling center, believes in her workers and that they are responsible and capable employees, so they can be trusted when given responsibility. Olivia is an example of what kind of manager?
Theory Y
***
These influence tactics are considered generic because they are applied in all directions: within the organization. The first five influence tactics are considered "soft" tactics because they are considered friendlier than the las four "hard," or pressure, tactics. The three possible responses to an influence tactics -enthusiastic, commitment, grading compliance, and outright resistance- commitment is most apt to result when the tactics used are consultation, strong rational persuasion, and inspirational appeals.
4. Intellectual simulation: Let me describe the great challenge we can conquer together
These leaders are gifted at communicating the organization's SWOT, so that subordinates develop a new sense of purpose. Employees learn to new problems as personal challenges that they are responsible for overcoming, to questions the status quo, and to seek creative solutions.
Ensuring people do their jobs- motivating and inspiring
They appeal to "basic but often untapped human needs, values, and emotions." Keep people moving in the right direction. Leaders inspire others, provide emotional support, and try to get employees to rally around common goal. *** (IMPORTANT) Leaders also play a role in creating a vision and strategic plan for the organization, which managers are then charged with implementing.
Type A behavior pattern - p. 385
They are involved in a chronic, determined struggle to accomplish more in less time.
True statement about norms:
They are typically unwritten They exert a powerful influence on group behavior
Creating arrangements of people to accomplish an agenda- aligning people
They communicate the new direction to people in the company who can understand the vision and build coalitions that will realize it.
Which of the following are accurate statements about the LGBT community.
They receive decreased pay as compared to their straight counterparts LGBTQ supportive workplace policies can mitigate some of the negative effects of discrimination. Over half self report that they feel they have to hide who they are at work.
Organizational citizenship behaviors
Those employee behaviors that are not directly part of employee's job description that exceed their work-role requirements.
Internal dimensions of diversity
Those human differences that exert a powerful, sustained effect throughout every stage of our lives: gender, age, ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, and physical abilities.
Primary competitive forces in a firm's environment
Threats of new entrants and substitute products or services, bargaining power of suppliers and buyers, and competitive rivalries.
Acquired Needs Theory (David McClelland)
Three needs - achievement, affiliation, and power - are major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace.
Lewin's change model consists of
Three stages: unfreezing, changing, refreezing
Positive forces
Thrusters - identify these forces
Pay for Knowledge
Ties employee pay to the number of job-relevant skills or academic degrees they earn.
According to equity theory, which of the following would be characterized as inputs?
Time, effort, training, experience, intelligence, creativity, seniority, status
According to a 1970s study, work groups that experience too little conflict tend to experience which of the following?
Too little conflict (indolence) results in Apathy, lack of creativity, indecision, and missed deadline.
Indolence - too little conflict
Too little conflict (indolence) results in Apathy, lack of creativity, indecision, and missed deadline.
Transformational leadership
Transforms employee to pursue organizational goals over self-interests. - Try to get people to do exceptional things: significantly higher levels of intrinsic motivation, trust, commitment, and loyalty. Transformational leaders are influenced by 2 factors: 1. Individual characteristics: extroverted, agreeable, proactive. 2. Organizational culture: Adaptive, flexible (+rigid and bureaucratic)
T or F Managers should ask questions to determine what rewards are valued by employees when utilizing Expectancy Theory to motivate workers.
True
T or F Organizational citizenship behaviors are those behaviors not directly part of the employee's job descriptions that exceed their work-role requirements.
True
T or F: Quality is seen as one of the most important ways of adding value to products and services, thereby distinguishing them from those of competitors.
True
T or F: W. Edwards Deming was pioneers of the quality-management movement.
True
Which of the following are four conclusions we can draw from trait theory?
We cannot ignore the implications of leadership traits The positive and "triad triad" traits suggest the qualities you should cultivate and avoid. Organizations may want to include personality and trait assessments in their selection and evaluation process Global mind-set is an increasingly valued task-oriented trait.
Halo effect
We form an impression of an individual based on a single trait
Leaders bheavior (8) Value-based
We're destined to accomplish great things Establish a vision, display passion for it, and support its accomplishment. Communicate high performance expectations and confidence in other's abilities to meet their goals. Give frequent positive feedback. Demonstrate self-confidence.
cost-leadership strategy
When organizations try to keep their prices below competitors and target to a wide market
Legitimate power
Which all managers have, is power that results form managers' formal positions within the organization.
Trait approaches to leadership
Which attempt to identify distinctive characteristics that account for the effectiveness of leaders.
Target Elements of Change - 4 levers
Which levers can we pull that will produce the change we want? 1) People-their knowledge, ability, attitudes, motivation, and behavior 2) Organizational arrangements-such as policies and procedures, roles, structure, rewards, and physical setting 3) Methods - processes, work flow, job design, and technology 4) Social factors - culture, group processes, interpersonal interactions, communication, and leadership.
Describe the relationship between the amount of conflict and performance. With what level of conflict is performance maximized?
Work groups, departments, or organizations that experience too little conflict tend to be plagued by apathy, lack of creativity, indecision, and missed deadlines. The result is that organizational performance suffers. Excessive conflict, on the other hand, can erode organizational performance because of political infighting, dissatisfaction, lack of teamwork, and turnover. Workplace aggression and violence are manifestations of excessive conflict. Thus, it seems that a moderate level of conflict can induce creativity and initiative, thereby raising performance, as shown in the diagram below (see Figure 13.2). As might be expected, however, the idea as to what constitutes "moderate" will vary among managers.
At Art's firm, employees are allowed to work four 10-hour days instead of five 8-hour days. This BEST describes which attempt to balance work and life?
Work-life benefits
Open Shop
Workers may choose to join or not join a union - Applies in 22 states (right to work states)
Agency Shop
Workers must pay equivalent of union dues but aren't required to join the union. - Applies to public-sector teachers in some states, prohibited in others
Which of the following conditions supports teamwork?
Workers not feeling they are being exploited by others Work that is considered meaningful
When an organization is able to get and stay ahead in the four areas of (1) being responsive to customers, (2) innovating, (3) quality, and (4) effectiveness, that company can develop
a sustainable competitive advantage
organizational culture
adaptive, flexible organizational cultures are more likely than are rigid, bureaucratic cultures to foster transformational leadership
A(n) _________ team is created to broaden the information base needed for making managerial decisions.
advice
Depicting older workers as less involved in their work, less motivated, and having higher absenteeism than their younger counterparts in the workplace is a stereotype based on
age
Dave is a salesperson who takes a long time to make decisions. He loves sales because he responds well to the pressure he faces in the many new or uncertain situations as a salesperson. Like most successful salespeople, he is high in his tolerance for ambiguity. Dave represents a person with a(n) _____ style.
analytical
Style Mart uses time-series forecasts, such as past holiday sales and the strength of store sales this year to predict future sales based on patterns of historical data. This is an application of ___.
analytics
Travis asked his mother if she thought he should look for a new job because he wasn't happy in his current one. She told him it probably wouldn't matter because he was never happy with any job he had been in. His mother is remarking about Travis's ___________
attitude
The activity of inferring causes for observed behavior is known as casual ____________
attribution
Patricia, the manager of Prime Health Club, was telling her new trainer that "I have many decisions to make in a day, and as the club manager, during the course of a week, I have to give orders to most of the 35 employees. Then there is my budget and the club resources, which I oversee." Patricia's right to make decisions, give orders, and utilize resources is known as _____.
authority
Jobs with high __________ allow workers to set their own schedules and decide how to perform the necessary tasks.
autonomy
Readily available information may not present a complete picture of a situation due to ____.
availability bias
Self ______is the ability to read your own emotions and accurately assess your moods so that you know how your are affecting others.
awareness
Results Appraisals or Objective Appraisals
based on facts and are often numerical
People's values and attitudes affect their workplace __________, which includes their actions and judgements.
behavior
Conrad and his wife Olivia are both managers at different companies. While Conrad prefers to allow his team to make decisions and come up with the process to get something done, Olivia prefers to tell her staff how to approach a project and who should be responsible for what. Each as a unique style and both are effective. This demonstrates the _______________ leadership approach.
behavioral
Mandy, a server in a popular family restaurant, is the most popular employee with both customers and employees, and as a result, she usually receives the most tips. She is always ready to lend a hand when asked, and with her warm personality and supportive nature, people confide in her. Mandy does have a problem telling people no, and has a tendency to avoid conflict, concerned about hurting others or getting people mad. Mandy represents a person with a(n) _____ style.
behavioral
______ leadership approaches attempt to determine the distinctive styles used by effective leaders
behavioral
the __ approach to leadership attempts to determine the combination of traits, skills, and behaviors that effective leaders use when interacting with others.
behavioral
Strategic management and planning
benefits both small and large organizations
Tom is the CEO of Yost Tech, a large global manufacturing company, and he is having lunch witha longtime friend, Greg, owner of a small office supply store. Tom told Greg that "Strategic management and planning have really increased our success at Yost. I just read an article about an analysis of several studies that found that strategic management and planning _____."
benefits both small and large organizations
When utilizing SMART goals or MBO, deadlines can help you keep your eye on the ______ while simultaneously paying attention to _____.
big picture; the necessary details
Internal stakeholders
board of directors, employees, owners
Elaine surpassed her sales goals and earned a small cash award for her strong performance. This is an example of a ______.
bonus program. Bonuses are cash awards given to employees who achieves specific performance objectives.
One of the tactics for using conflict to stimulate cultural and procedural changes in an organization is to announce ______
bonuses
Instructor Services is a technology company that offers many IT services in highly populated southern Ohio. Services and products include computer training, support, monitoring, repair, network design, virus removal, and software upgrades. It even sells refurbished computers. The source of Instructor Services' strategic position is _____.
broad needs and many customers
People in the office can always count on Tyrone to get the job done. He's methodical detail-oriented and his work is always completed on time. Which of the Big Fie personality dimensions would this illustrate.
conscientiousness
MBO works by objectives moving through the organization; that is, top managers set general organizational objectives, which are translated into divisional objectives, which are translated into departmental objectives. The hierarchy ends in individual objectives set by each employee. This is an example of MBO working as objectives ______ through the organization.
cascade down
Astrid, a customer service representative, was asked by one of her customers if her company would be interested in joining the chamber of commerce to meet potential customers. Astrid believes this is a very good idea and approached her manager, Alan, about becoming a chamber member. Alan told Astrid that "Since the cost of membership is over $500 and you will have to leave the office to attend meetings, I will have to get approval from management above me." This is an example of how important decisions are made in organizations with _____.
centralized authority
Organizational development is often put into practice by a
change agent
A leader who displays an interpersonal attraction that inspires acceptance and support is demonstrating _____________
charisma
Alcoholism
chronic, progressive, and potentially fatal disease characterized by compulsion to drink.
Employees and customers are treated like a family at Bayou Seafood Café. Paul and Betsey, the owners, work to encourage unity to increase their employees' job satisfaction and commitment. At their café, Paul and Betsey have built a(n) ____.
clan culture
Getting others to support your effort to persuade someone is an example of persuasion by ______________ tactics
coalition
Bench-marking
comparing performance with that of high-performing organizations
According to the self-determination theory, people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, and their behavior and well-being is influenced by what three innate needs?
competence. autonomy. relatedness.
Pedro, CEO of a successful IT company, is constantly reading press releases, ads, and news articles about his competition, and he regularly checks information about new competitive products and visits trade shows to study his competition. Pedro is involved in ____.
competitive intelligence
Grievance
complaint by an employee that management has violated the terms of the labor-management agreement
Team _________________ describes the collection of jobs, personalities, values, knowledge, experience, and skills of team members.
composition
Artem, the president of Instructor Services, told one of his new hires that "Managers are encouraged to solve their own problems rather than to buck the decision to a higher level, and decisions are made more quickly, which increases our organization's flexibility and efficiency." These advantages that Artem spoke of are attributed to ____.
decentralized authority
Organizational behavior (OB)
dedicated to better understanding and managing people at word. Not only explain workplace behavior but also predict it.
Ralph, the manager of a busy hardware store, knows that he needs to entrust many of his tasks to managers and other employees, rather than falling into the common trap of perfection, believing he is the only person who can do this right and on time. This process of assigning tasks to lower-level managers and employees is known as ____.
delegation
norming
develop close relationships and unity and harmony emerge.
Management is defined as the pursuit of organizational goals ...
efficiently and effectively
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
enforces procedures whereby employees may vote to have a union and for collective bargaining.
Bryan Barry suggests that to keep a strategic plan on track, organizations should ____.
engage people, keep it simple, stay focused, and keep moving
Jenna loves her job. She is known as the "cheerleader" of the department because she is enthusiastic about every project and highly focused. Jenna displays employee ________
engagement
Jasmine previously handled only accounts payable in the company. However, her job has changed so that she now handles accounts receivable as well. This is an example of job ________________________
enlargement
In order to increase variety and positively impact worker motivation, Grant Industries increases the number of tasks in each jobs on the assembly line. This practice is known as job _____.
enlargement. (increasing the number of tasks in a job.)
In order to better motivate his employees, Enzo gave them tasks with added responsibility and room for recognition. Enzo was using job _____________
enrichment
Sam wants to improve job satisfaction, so he adds more responsibility, complexity, and control to his subordinates' jobs. This is an example of job ______.
enrichment. ( Job enrichment is consists of building into a job such motivating factors as responsibility, achievement, recognition, stimulating work, and advancement.)
HP founders David Packard and William Hewlett created a close-knit organizational culture that gave a lot of responsibility to employees and fostered innovation within the company, which were clearly stated values of the firm's founders. This is an example of _____.
espoused values
Olivia, the owner of a small city newspaper, started her business two years ago, believing that there was still enough demand for her product. However, because people are busy and with the availability of news online, she has seen the demand for her paper drop steadily. Olivia made a decision to change the original direction of the company and focus more on an Internet news service. By demonstrating that managers need to think and act as if their company is an unfinished prototype, won't be ruined by new ideas and focusing on facts, Olivia is relying on _____.
evidence-based decision making
Reminding someone of past favors or offering to trade favors is an example of persuasion by _________ tactics
exchange
______ power results from one's specialized knowledge
expert
Rational decision-making model
explains how managers should make decisions, logical decisions furthering the best interests
New governmental regulations were going to force Tyler's company to redesign its entire production system, but Tyler knew that after the work was done, his company would benefit. This demonstrates the ideas of a _______________ conflict.
functional
The distribution of savings to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity is known as ___________________________
gainsharing
The distribution of savings to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity is known as _______.
gainsharing. Gainsharing is the distribution of savings or "gains" to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity.
A large production company has been utilizing the Hawthorne effect in its 12 international factories, and it has seen great success from implementing the Hawthorn principles that propose that
giving more attention to employees increases worker productivity, if they think managers care about them
As much as she loved her job at the advertising agency, Molly decided to pursue a career with another company. She realized that women were never promoted to top positions at the advertising agency - all of the executives were men and the office grapevine told her that would never change. What obstacle is Molly encountering.
glass ceiling
The Safety Committee at Office Supply Mart was formed to help make the stores a safer place, and some of the suggestions were going to be costly. However, when the vice president of accounting announced the recent report on company profits were much lower than expected, a new secondary goal was established to meet new profit expectations. Having to consider this new goal as a committee is an example of ____.
goal displacement
Gregory was talking with Tom, his assistant manager, saying, "When I make a decision on which employee to pick to do a project, I use three simple factors, which I call my decision making "rules of thumb." I consider their attitude and knowledge, and how hard they work." Gregory's rules of thumb, which he uses in decision making, are known as _____.
heuristics
Programs that encourage employees to strive for a harmonious and productive balance of physical, mental, and social well-being brought about by the acceptance of one's personal responsibility for developing and adhering to a health promotion program are commonly referred to as _________ programs.
holistic wellness
Givebacks
in which the union agrees to give up previous wage or benefit gains in return for something else.
The consequences of too little or too much conflict in work groups include all of the following except:
increased performance
Sarah wants her sales people to work together to foster customer service. She implemented several new incentive plans that are based on individual performance of her sales people. However, she is having problems with her salespeople being overly competitive with one another and lying to customers to sell more. There are inconsistent goals and rewards in Sarah's system that are creating conflict. This is an example of __________ conflict.
intergroup
A hierarchy culture has an
internal focus and values stability and control
Which of the following would be characterized as hygiene factors in Herzberg's two-factor theory?
interpersonal relationship. working conditions. pay and security.
Knowledge Work
is analytic and involves problem solving and abstract reasoning, exactly the kind of thing required of skillful managers, professionals, sales people and financial analysis. Higher paying jobs.
Roberta, the computer department manager at IT Mart, is considering if she should use a group to develop a plan to help employees sell extended warranties on technology sales. Roberta should consider having the group make this decision if ______.
it will increase acceptance of the plan
Liu wants to better understand how to motivate employees at her company. Because she knows there is no one leading theory accepted by everyone on what motivates people, she looks into the top four perspectives: content, process, reinforcement and _____________
job design
Two of the primary challenges facing managers today are
managing for a competitive advantage and diversity
Peter, the owner of Happy Burger, is involved in the company's daily decisions and has established procedures for every task. The company rules are clearly specified in the handbook, and Peter also believes in close supervision of all employees. Happy Burger is a(n) _______ organization.
mechanistic
Sustainability is economic development that ____.
meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ______ pay.
merit pay.
Developing a comprehensive program for long-term success is the focus of
mission and vision statements
Elite Coffee and Bakery, a café that offers a relaxing environment to enjoy quality coffees,teas, soups, and other menu items, has a poster in the front of its restaurants that reads, "We will always provide a quality product to help our customers better meet the challenges of their day and always take the time to offer caring service one person at a time." This statement is Elite's ___.
mission statement
David is starting a karate school, and he has been working with Mr. Smith, a business counselor with the SBA. Mr. Smith told David that the first three steps to planning his organization are (in the correct order) ___.
mission statement, vision statement, and strategic planning
According to Fiedler's contingency leadership model, in which of the following situations will a relationship-oriented leadership style be optimal?
moderate control
Strategic control includes
monitoring the execution of strategy and making adjustments, if necessary.
The more subunits into which an organization breaks down, the _____.
more highly differentiated it becomes
After Johanna's company introduced a free breakfast program and on-site childcare, she was happy to get to work early. The free breakfast and childcare are examples of _____ that direct Johanna's behavior.
motivation.
If a model of motivation starts with an unfulfilled need, list the rest of the steps in the correct order.
motivation. behaviors. rewards. feedback.
Promotion
moving upward Fairness Nondiscrimination Other's resentments
The management of Quality Carpet Cleaning finalized the company's action plan for increasing its market share over the next few years. The management then set up a 12-month plan that defines how the organization will conduct its business based on the action plan, including clear sales targets for each week. The second plan is an example of a(n) _____ plan.
operating
Susan is a front-line supervisor in a grocery retailer. She desires to decrease the time she spends working on doing her daily closing work. This objective set by Susan and for her is an example of a(n) ____.
operational goal
Christopher's Restaurant and Catering serves delicious vegetarian and vegan dishes. So when the local community became interested in eating a healthier diet, Christopher's benefited. The changing community attitudes are an example of a(n) _____ for Christopher's.
opportunity
Conflict is a process in which one party perceives that its interests are being _______ by another party.
opposed
Patrick's company allows employees to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price. This is referred to as stock ______________
options
Adam, the owner of Adam's Roofing, was talking to a visitor in his office, telling her that "We are a fun-loving group that believes in teamwork and a family atmosphere at work, which significantly affects our work outcomes. Plus, we do things together outside of work. This is the 'social glue' that binds the members of our company together." Adam was referring to his company's _____.
organizational culture
Labor Unions
organizations of employees formed to protect and advance their members' interests by bargaining with management over job-related issues.
In February, when Paula, the manager of a landscaping company, is looking at the upcoming need for more workers to handle the increased customers in spring and summer, she is involved with ____.
organizing
According toe the LMX model, in an ____________________-group exchange, leaders are characterized as overseers who fail to create a sense of mutual trust, respect, or common fate.
out
Orlando, the manager of a camera store, believes that his store may be closed by corporate in the near future, so he cannot sleep well at night and he is dealing with severe anxiety, irritability, and has been ill several times this month. Several times Orlando has missed important details in his job, and he almost got in an automobile accident this morning. Orlando is experiencing ____.
panic
George, a regional manager for a global corporation, is meeting with several upset managers from the Rome plant about Steve, the Rome facility manager originally from Florida. Phillipe, the assistant manager, tells George "We all feel that Steve only sees things his way and very seldom considers our perspective on things." Steve's management style can be described as ____.
parochialism
Leadership behavior that is characterized by a lack of leadership skills, such as management-by-exception style, is referred to as ______________ leadership.
passive
Which leadership model states that successful leaders help followers by tying meaningful rewards to goal accomplishment, reducing barriers to achieving those goals, and providing subordinates with support?
path-goal leadership
A company's overall ability to execute is a function of effectively executing according to three processes, but Bossidy and Charan proposed that the _____ process is the most important.
people
Expectancy theory
people make the choice that promises them the greatest reward if they think they can get it Three elements: Expectancy Instrumentality Valence
A(n) __________ is responsible for performing day-to-day operations; examples include a mining team, flight-attendant crews, and maintenance crews.
production teams
Which type of incentive compensation plan involves the distribution of a portion of the company's profits to employees?
profit sharing. Profit sharing is the distribution to employee of a percentage of the company's profit.
Paula, the store manager, asked Tom to organize the prize giveaways for the store's grand reopening open house. This plan is an example of a(n) ___.
project
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 established requirements for ____, and for noncompliance, penalties of ______.
proper financial record keeping for public companies; as much as 25 years in prison
The application of negative consequences to stop or change undesirable behavior is known as ______.
punishment.
The mission statement expresses the
purpose of the organization
Chad and his partner, John, have decided to update their computer network, although they have no expertise in this area. During a meeting with John, Chad commented that "Our decision is limited by numerous constraints, such as our understanding of the complexity of technology, time and money, imperfect information, and our conflicting goals." These limitations are hindrances to _____.
rational decision making
George, a longtime hotel manager, was meeting with Sally, a new manager, and telling her about a recent decision related to whether or not to fire a front desk employee who has had customer service issues. George discussed the four stages of the decision process. He said, "I first identified the problem, and then, I gathered alternative solutions. I then evaluated each choice and selected a solution. I then implemented my decision to add training. Finally, I followed up with an evaluation of what I set in place." With this decision, George is using the ______.
rational decision-making model
Jon's employees have a lot of personal respect and admiration for him. As a result, they are very loyal to him. This is an example of:
referent power
Training
refers to educational technical and operational employees in how to better do their current jobs
Anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited is known as ______________________
reinforcement
Decisions made by trends
relying on historical data to predict future sales
exchange tactics
reminding someone of past favors or offering to trade favors
Bullying
repeated mistreatment of one or more persons by one or more perpetrators; it is abusive physical, psychological, verbal, or nonverbal behavior that is threatening, humiliating, or intimidating.
Paul, the store manager, recently had to fire Sue, an employee who graduated from North College. He felt that Sue was not well trained at her school. So when Steven, also a graduate from North College, applied for Sue's old position, he did not want to consider hiring him, feeling Steven also probably did not receive the proper training. Paul was affected by _____ bias.
representativeness
Jim was recently promoted to the position of dining room supervisor, and he is now responsible for making decisions on numerous matters in the dining room and giving orders to the serving staff. At the same time, Jim has the obligation to perform the many new tasks assigned to him as a supervisor, such as overseeing the closing work and cleaning the dining room. Jim's new obligations are known as his _____.
responsibility
Right-to-work laws
statutes that prohibit employees from being required to join a union as a condition of employment.
In the _________ stage of team development, members are encouraged to voice disagreements and try to work through their conflicts about tasks and goals.
storming
To provide direction and momentum, encourage new ideas, and develop a sustainable competitive advantage are reasons why an organization should adopt
strategic management and strategic planning
With small businesses in very competitive industries, small differences in performance may affect that company's survival. So in this case, it is worth the effort to implement _______.
strategic planning
Stress is the feeling of tension and pressure; the source of that stress is known as a
stressor
Reliability
the degree to which a test measures the same thing consistently
Human capital
the economic or productive potential of employee knowledge, experience, and actions.
Last week Paul, CEO of Quality Furniture in South Carolina, traveled to Europe to visit customers. While overseas, Paul checked his e-mail daily and visited his company's website to show to customers. After visiting the last customer Friday morning, Paul was able to return to the corporate office to meet with his board of directors that night. This "shrinking" of time and space with air travel and electronic media defines ____.
the global f****king village
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
the law that makes it illegal for US employees to make "questionable" contributions to political decision makers in foreign nations
