Chapter 9
The spontaneous utterance of a variety of sounds by infants is called
babbling
Jahmal cites his cousin Luana's many car accidents as evidence as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. He overlooks that fact that his wife and three daughters have had far fewer car accidents than he and his two sons. Jahmal's prejudicial conclusion about women's driving skills best illustrates the effect of
confirmations bias
People told that chemical in the air is projected to kill 10 out every 10,000 people feel more frightened than if told the fatality risk is one-techth of 1 percent. This best illustrates the importance of
framing
During the earliest stage of speech development, infants
make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents' native language
Ojinska sold many more raffle tickets when she told potential buyers they has a 10 percent chance of winning a prize than when she told they had 90 percent chance of not winning. This best illustrates
the framing effect
Heuristics are
simple thinking strategies for solving problems quickly and efficiently
Phonemes are
the smallest distinctive sound units of a language
Cognitive psychologists are most directly concerned with the study of
thinking
In testing thousands of different materials for use as lightbulb filaments, Thomas Edison best illustrated a problem-solving approach known as
trial and error
Two-year-old Dirk's sentence - "Dad come," "Mom laugh" and "Truck gone" - are examples of
telegraphic speech
A mental set is a
tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past
Emotion-laden images of unusual but vivid cases of abducted children may lead many parents to experience exaggerated fears of letting their children walk to school. The exaggerated fears best illustrate the impact of
the availability heuristic
Experienced chicken seders can tell you a chick's sex at a glance, yet cannot tell you how they do it. Their acquired expertise is such an automatic habit that it feels like
intuition
Without awareness, we often use highly adaptive heuristics. This illustrates the value of
intuition
Which of the following was cited by Whorf as evidence in support of the linguistic determinism hypothesis?
The Hopi cannot readily think about the past because their language has no past tense for verbs
The principles of learning emphasized by B. F. Skinner are most helpful in explaining why children
add new words to their vocabulary
A sudden realization of the solution to a problem is called
insight
The smallest speech units that carry meaning are called
morphemes
In English, adjectives precede nouns. This is a rule syntax, which is the
orderly arrangement of words into grammatically sensible sentences
Steve was sure he answered at least 70 questions correctly on his biology test. In fact, he was right on only 55 items. Steve's misjudgment of his test performance illustrates
overconfidence
A best example of a category of objects, events, or people is called a(n)
prototype
The tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions is called
confirmation bias
Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called
algorithms
Many people overestimate how long they actually remain awake during restless nights because their moments of wakefulness are easier to recall than their moments of sleep. This best illustrates the impact of
availability heuristic
People are often positively impressed by research that supports their own point of view. Asking them whether they would have been equally impressed by the same research if it had proved results that disputed their point of view is likely to inhabit
belief perseverance
To promote cognitive efficiency, concepts are organized into
category hierarchies
Research suggests that humans can most easily master the grammar of a second language during
childhood
A mental grouping of similar objects, events or people is a(n)
concept
When given candle, tacks and a box of matches and asked to mount the candle on a wall, people often fail to think of using the matchbox as a candleholder. This best illustrates
functional fixedness
In trying to solve a potentially complicated problem quickly, we are most likely to rely on
heuristics
The availability heuristic refers to our tendency to
judge the likelihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence are remembered
Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning constitute
language
Chomsky's theory of language development suggests that children have an inborn
language acquisition device
According to Chomsky, the fact that young children generate all sorts of sentences they have never heard before suggests that
language skills are not developed simply through the processes of imitation and reinforcement
Most people take less time to identify a cow as a mammal than a mouse as a mammal because cow more closely resembles their mammal
prototype
Great apes, dolphins and elephants have demonstrated self-awareness by
recognizing themselves in a mirror
A European visitor to the United States ask a taxi driver, " Can you please a ride to the airport me give?" This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the ________ of the english language.
syntax
Perceived differences between various shades of color are greater if people assign a different name to each hue. This best illustrates the influence of
universal grammar on language acquisition