Chapter 9

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sensory processing

-large capacity -brief duration -separate channels for different sensory types (acoustic, visual, etc.)

priming

a change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a previous stimulus

spreading activation model

a connectionist theory proposing that people organize general knowledge based on their individual experiences

explicit memory

a conscious memory; also known as declarative memories

information processing

a continuum including attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory, and cognition

forgetting

a decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory

semantic memory

a general knowledge memory organized by category -declarative, explicit -sensory and motor cortex

episodic memory

a memory for personal experience organized chronologically -declarative, explicit -prefrontal cortex

cue

a stimulus that aids retrieval

the Atkison-Shiffrin Model of Memory

according to this classic model of memory, information flows through a series of stages. If memory is not transferred to the next stage, it is permanently lost. sensory input -> sensory memory -> short-term memory(->rehearsal) -> long-term memory

flashbulb memory

an especially vivid and detailed memory of an emotional event

working memory

an extension of the concept of short-term memory that includes the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously

procedural memory

an implicit memory for how to carry out skilled movement -nondeclarative, implicit -basal ganglia

implicit memory

an unconscious memory; also known as a nondeclarative memory

interference

competition between newer and older information in memory -assessed by comparing performance in a list-learning task

declarative memory

consciously retrieved memories that are easy to verbalize, which include semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information; also known as explicit memories

motivated forgetting

failure to retrieve negative memories -comparison of recall for memories associated with positive or negative emotions

encoding specificity

memories incorporate unique combinations of information when encoded

mnemonics

memory aids that link new information to well-known information

decay

reduction in ability to retrieve rarely used information over time -assessed using savings technique

rehearsal

repetition of information

autobiographical memory

semantic or episodic memories that reference the self -declarative, explicit -combination of prefrontal, sensory, and motor cortex

schema

set of expectations about objects and situations

levels of processing

the depth (shallow to deep) of processing applied to information that predicts its ease of retrieval

long-term potentiation (LTP)

the enhancement of communication between two neurons resulting from their synchronous activation

long-term memory

the final stage of Atkinson-Shiffrin model that is the location of permanent memories

sensory memory

the first stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that holds large amounts of incoming data for very brief amounts of time

chunking

the process of grouping similar meaningful information together

reconstruction

the rebuilding of memory out of stored elements

retrieval

the recovery of stored information

storage

the retention of information

short-term memory

the second stage of the Atkison-Shiffrin model that holds a small amount of information for a limited time -expansion of capacity through chunking -expansion of duration through rehearsal

encoding

the transformation of information from one form to another

nondeclarative memory

unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memories that are difficult to verbalize, including memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming; also known as implicit memories


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