Chapter 9

Postganglionic axons which do not secrete either catecholamines or acetylcholine may secrete _____.

ATP, nitric oxide, or vasoactive intestinal peptide

From where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate?

Brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord

Alpha-1-adrenergic receptors are mediated by ______.

Ca2+

All of the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse near their effector organs, while all of the preganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse close to the vertebrae.

False

Compared to norepinephrine, epinephrine has one less methyl group.

False

Damage to the gray rami communicantes would interfere with the transmission of impulses from the sympathetic postganglionic neurons and their effector organs.

False

Damage to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord would cause heart rate to be chronically increased compared to normal.

False

Important visceral sensory information like blood pressure, plasma pH, and oxygen concentration are carried to the brain through cranial nerves XI and XIII

False

Post ganglionic sympathetic neurons arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

False

Sympathetic stimulation of an organ ALWAYS opposes the effects of parasympathetic stimulation.

False

The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion that, like other postganglionic neurons, releases epinephrine onto target tissue.

False

There are no sensory neurons associated with the autonomic nervous system.

False

All adrenergic receptors act via ______.

G-proteins

Which of the following is not a collateral ganglion?

Hepatic

The vagus nerve innervates all of the following except: _____.

Iris

Which of the following organs has dual ANS innervation?

Iris

How can you distinguish the sympathetic from the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Origin of the preganglionic neurons

Which autonomic division is dominant in an emergency situation?

Sympathetic

As autonomic motor neurons leave the spinal cord, they synapse with another neuron prior to synapsing with the target organ.

True

Beta-adrenergic receptors stimulate the production of cAMP

True

Damage to an autonomic neuron makes the effector more sensitive to stimulation.

True

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are all molecules of the catecholamine family.

True

Four of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves give rise to parasympathetic neurons.

True

If the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation are similar, then the effects would be cooperative.

True

Many autonomic visceral effector organs can function without nervous innervation.

True

Neurons that secrete acetylcholine are called cholinergic fibers.

True

Sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons generally release different neurotransmitters to their smooth muscle effector cells, which is why neurons often have antagonistic effects.

True

The vagus nerve gives rise to preganglioninc parasympathetic fibers involved in regulating most thoracic and abdominal organs.

True

Phenylephrine functions as an a1 ____ because it promotes _____ in nasal mucosa.

a1 agonist, vasoconstriction

The neurotransmitter is released at terminal ganglia is ______.

acetylcholine

"Synapses en passant" refers to the fact that postganglionic autonomic neurons release neurotransmitter _____.

along the length of the axon

Intracellular Ca2+ is elevated if norepinephrine binds to a ____ receptor.

alpha-1 adrenergic

Goose bumps would occur in response to ______.

an adrenergic agonist

Muscarinic antagonists would stimulate ______ pupillary diameter.

an increase in

Somatic motor neurons have direct connection between the CNS and they effector organs, while _____ neurons must synapse on with a peripheral neuron before reaching their effector.

autonomic motor

In response to sympathetic stimulation, _________; this allows for ________ during fight-or-flight.

blood vessels in skeletal muscles dilate; greater oxygen delivery to the muscle

Neural crest cells from _____.

both the adrenal medulla and postganglionic sympathetic nerves

Which part of the brain helps regulate the ANS actions from the medulla during motion sickness?

cerebellum

Which of the following selectively stimulates a1 receptors in brain neurons, thereby suppressing sympathoadrenal activation and lowering blood pressure?

clonidine

The splanchic nerves synapse in the _____.

collateral ganglia

Somatic motor reflexes involve _______.

contraction of skeletal muscle

Compared to somatic motor neurons, autonomic motor neurons _____.

control action in multiple organ systems

M2 receptors in the heart _____.

decrease heart rate

Blood flow to skeletal muscle would be ______ in response to muscarinic antagonists.

decreased

Alpha1-adrenergic receptors on presynaptic axon terminals, when stimulates, cause ____.

decreased release of norepinephrine

Blocking β2-adrenergic receptors prevents airway ______.

dilation

What occurs when one sympathetic preganglions neuron synapses on several postganglioninc neurons?

divergence

Damage to the _____ nerve would inhibit saliva production.

facial

Autonomic regulation of body heat is achieved by increasing or decreasing sympathetic stimulation to the skin. This example demonstrates that the sympathetic nervous system _____.

functions independently of the parasympathetic nervous system in specific organs or tissues

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system _____.

has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors

The major regulatory center of the autonomic nervous system is believed to be the ____ since the brain region has functions that require appropriate activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers.

hypothalamus

The second messenger mediating the effects of norepinephrine on the heart would be ______.

increased cyclic AMP

In response to parasympathetic stimulation, ______

intestinal motility increases

Mass activation is an important ability of the sympathetic nervous system because _______.

it allows coordination of the entire sympathetic division during "fight-or-flight" response

Ablation of the celiac ganglia would inhibit sympathetic regulation of the ______.

kidneys

The ____ can control autonomic function, such that under some emotional states, visceral reactions like blushing, fainting, ect. can occur.

limbic system

Visceral reactions which accompany emotional states are due to activation of the autonomic nervous system by the _____.

limbic system

The _____ has both a1 and b1 receptors are responds to sympathoadrenal stimulation with glycogenolysis and secretion of glucose.

liver

The division of the autonomic nervous system originating only from spinal spinal nerves ______.

mediates the body's response to stress

Atropine blocks ____ receptors for _____. When administered, expected side effects may include _____.

muscarinic, ACh, increased blood pressure

The collateral ganglia contain _____.

nicotinic receptors

Damage to the autonomic motor nerves would probably result in _____.

no change in skeletal muscle tone

Cocaine acts as a sympathomimetric drug because it blocks the reuptake of ______.

norepinephrine

The majority of postganglionic sympathetic neurons release ______.

norepinephrine

Which of the following is a catecholamine?

norepinephrine

Cutaneous effectors such as blood vessels, sweat glands, and erector pili muscles are innervated by _____.

only sympathetic nerves

Bright light would stimulate decrease in pupil diameter through _____ nerves.

parasympathetic

Damage to the midbrain would probably have a greater effect on the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system.

parasympathetic

Postganglionic _____ nerves release acetylcholine.

parasympathetic

Damage to the terminal ganglia would have the greatest effect on _____.

parasympathetic motor neurons

The slowest rate of conduction would be measured in ______ neurons.

postganglionic autonomic sympathetic

Because they release norepinephrine, _____ are considered adrenergic neurons.

postganglionic sympathetic neurons

Cholinergic receptors bind neurotransmitters released from _____.

preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate _____.

skeletal muscle

Which of the following is NOT and example of the cooperative effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?

sweating

The paravertebral and collateral ganglia are associated with the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system.

sympathetic

A patients history indicated damage to the autonomic ganglia, and symptoms associated with digestive pain and dysfunction. The ganglia likely to be damaged is _____.

sympathetic chain adjacent to T1

Nonshivering thermogenesis is regulated by the _____ system.

sympathoadrenal

Cocaine is a ______ drug, meaning that it promotes sympathetic nerve effects.

sympathomimetic

Epinephrine is a ______.

sympathomimetric hormone

Which of the ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

terminal

Which organ receives only sympathetic innervation?

the adrenal medulla, arrector pili muscles in the skin, most blood vessels

Cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons can be located in the _______.

thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

Which of the following organs is dually innervated?

urinary bladder

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system _____.

utilizes acetylcholine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter

The medulla oblongata controls many autonomic activities through the ____.

vagus nerve

The swellings on postganglionic axons that contain neurotransmitters are called _______.

varicosities

A defect in nitric oxide synthetase gene may result in reduced ______ of cerebral arteries since nitric oxide production would be impaired.

vasodilation

A patient in a car accidnet fractured a thoracic vertebra, and sustained damage to the nerve rootlets leaving the intravertebral foramen at the same level. The autonomic structure(s) likely to be damaged by this injury are the _____.

white rami communicantes

The ____ are branches made from the preganglionic sympathetic axons that travel from the spinal nerves to sympathetic ganglia chain.

white rami communicantes