Chapter 9
65) What type of glucose transporter is located in the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier? 65) A) GLUT-1 B) cotransporter with sodium C) GLUT-4 D) countertransporter with sodium E) GLUT-2
A) GLUT-1
29) An epileptic patient has undergone a complete corpus callosotomy, a surgical procedure that 29) results in the complete disconnection of the corpus callosum. Which statement best describes the behaviors you would observe in this type of patient? A) Since communication between the hemispheres has been disconnected, the patient cannot name what the right side of the brain is seeing. B) Since communication between the hemispheres has been disconnected, the patient will be unable to speak; you must have both sides of the brain working in order to form words. C) This area of the brain controls higher-order thinking therefore the patient will have no interest in solving problems. D) This area of the brain determines personality therefore the patient will undergo changes in personality, usually becoming more aggressive. E) This area of the brain controls the ability to see things in three dimensions; it is likely this patient will always be running into items.
A) Since communication between the hemispheres has been disconnected, the patient cannot name what the right side of the brain is seeing.
118) If a bilingual person has a stroke in the language centers of the brain, which statement best 118) describes the likely outcome of recovering one of the languages? A) The most recently learned language will suffer the greatest unless both languages were learned at about the same time in which case both languages will be equally affected. B) The most recently learned language will not be affected. C) The person is most likely to speak both languages within the same sentence. D) The most recently learned language will suffer the greatest deficit. E) If both languages were learned at about the same time, then the two languages will be equally affected.
A) The most recently learned language will suffer the greatest unless both languages were learned at about the same time in which case both languages will be equally affected.
80) In order for ions to move across the capillary endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, they must 80) A) be transported across endothelial cells. B) be lipophobic. C) be hydrophilic. D) move through pores between endothelial cells. E) move through the endothelial cell layer by transcytosis.
A) be transported across endothelial cells.
38) Alzheimer's disease is caused by the loss of ________ neurons in certain brain areas and 38) replacement of the lost neurons with scar tissue called ________. A) cholinergic : plaques B) adrenergic : plaques C) adrenergic : myelin D) cholinergic : myelin E) muscarinic : myelin
A) cholinergic : plaques
84) What is the function of the tectospinal tract? 84) A) controls the head so that the eyes can follow and object B) controls muscle tone C) controls the head, neck, and lumbar muscles in order to maintain posture D) transmits impulses associated with pain E) transmits impulses associated with hearing
A) controls the head so that the eyes can follow and object
14) Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system create the 14) blood-brain barrier, thereby restricting what type of movement of molecules into the brain? A) diffusion of hydrophilic B) diffusion of lipophilic C) facilitated diffusion of hydrophobic D) active transport of E) transcytosis of
A) diffusion of hydrophilic
97) Afferent and efferent axons travel together in spinal nerves, but they separate into different bundles 97) when they leave and enter the spinal cord. The afferent axons enter the spinal cord via the ________ root and efferent axons leave the spinal cord via the ________ root. A) dorsal : ventral B) canal : spindle C) ventral : dorsal D) ascending : descending E) descending : ascending
A) dorsal : ventral
76) The ________ lobe contains the primary motor cortex, which initiates ________ movement. 76) A) frontal lobe : voluntary B) occipital lobe : involuntary C) parietal lobe : voluntary D) temporal lobe : involuntary E) medial lobe : voluntary
A) frontal lobe : voluntary
72) You go to the library to study for an exam only to find that parts of the library are being remodeled, 72) creating many distracting noises. However, you decide to stay and complete your studies at the library because you have recently learned about ________, or a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus, such as the noises coming from the remodeling process. A) habituation B) consolidation C) plasticity D) declaration E) sensitization
A) habituation
23) Which area of the brain is the integration center for neural and endocrine controls? 23) A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) basal nuclei D) corpus callosum E) cerebellum
A) hypothalamus
3) Hunger and satiety centers are located in which area of the brain? 3) A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) basal nuclei D) corpus callosum E) cerebellum
A) hypothalamus
57) Thermoregulatory centers are located in which area of the brain? 57) A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) basal nuclei D) corpus callosum E) cerebellum
A) hypothalamus
102) The execution of a voluntary motor task involves a series of steps. Which of the following presents 102) those steps in the correct order? A) intent, program, execute, feedback B) program, intent, feedback, execute C) program, intent, execute, feedback D) intent, feedback, program, execute E) feedback, intent, program, execute
A) intent, program, execute, feedback
121) Which of the following is a phagocytic cell that protects the central nervous system from 121) pathogens? A) microglia B) Schwann cell C) astrocyte D) ependymal cell E) oligodendrocyte
A) microglia
44) A stroke occurring in the basal nuclei could produce which of the following symptoms? 44) A) muscle rigidity B) deafness C) loss of language comprehension D) altered sleep-wake patterns E) blindness or blurred vision
A) muscle rigidity
73) What is the function of gray matter in the CNS? 73) A) neural integration and synaptic communication B) signals the brain centers to produce dopamine C) to speed up nerve transmission D) to carry information in tracts from the peripheral nervous system to the CNS E) to communicate between the different lobes of the brain
A) neural integration and synaptic communication
62) In studying for this exam you acquired new knowledge and hopefully retained it. If you used a 62) repetitive approach such as studying from note cards, this type of learning is referred to as ________. If you studied using, for example, the same information but linked to a case study, this type of learning is referred to as ________. A) nonassociative : associative B) associative : nonassociative C) declarative : procedural D) procedural : nonprocedural E) nonprocedural : procedural
A) nonassociative : associative
49) Which cranial nerve controls eye movements, papillary reflex, accommodation reflex, and 49) proprioception? A) oculomotor B) trochlear C) trigeminal D) abducens E) glossopharyngeal
A) oculomotor
13) Where in the cerebral cortex does the awareness of limb positions and muscle tension occur? 13) A) parietal lobe B) frontal lobe C) temporal lobe D) occipital lobe E) corpus callosum
A) parietal lobe
110) The perception of touch sensations begins in which area of the brain? 110) A) primary somatosensory cortex B) basal nuclei C) primary motor cortex D) limbic system E) cerebellum
A) primary somatosensory cortex
30) What two tracts control skeletal muscle activity? 30) A) pyramidal and rubrospinal tracts B) spinocerebellar and spinothalmic C) fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus D) tectospinal and spinothalamic E) reticular spinal and corticospinal
A) pyramidal and rubrospinal tracts
74) The region of the brainstem important in the sleep-wake cycle, the arousal of the cerebral cortex, 74) and in consciousness is known as the A) reticular formation. B) medulla oblongata. C) midbrain. D) corpus callosum. E) pons.
A) reticular formation.
94) How is a reflex that involves signals sent along autonomic sensory nerves classified? A) visceral B) spinal C) cranial D) somatic 94) E) innate
A) visceral
7) Which of the following forms myelin in the central nervous system? 7) A) microglia B) Schwann cell C) astrocyte D) ependymal cell E) oligodendrocyte
Answer: E
56) Insulin is known to cross the blood-brain barrier and attach to receptors in the brain. Which 56) statement best describes the function of insulin in the brain? A) It increases hunger. B) It decreases hunger. C) It assists in glucose metabolism. D) It signals the brain to release glucagon. E) It causes stroke.
B) It decreases hunger.
12) Which of the following is the only glial cell located in the peripheral nervous system? 12) A) microglia B) Schwann cell C) astrocyte D) ependymal cell E) oligodendrocyte
B) Schwann cell
60) Which statement best describes why the brain requires an uninterrupted supply of blood? 60) A) The CNS does not have access to fatty acids for energy, which increases their demand for glucose. B) The CNS has limited glycogen to convert to glucose, it does not have access to fatty acids for energy, and it has limited ability to produce energy anaerobically. C) The CNS has very little glycogen to convert to glucose and has limited ability to produce energy anaerobically. D) The CNS has very little glycogen to convert to glucose. E) The CNS has a limited ability to produce energy anaerobically.
B) The CNS has limited glycogen to convert to glucose, it does not have access to fatty acids for energy, and it has limited ability to produce energy anaerobically.
93) Which area of the brain is necessary for language comprehension? A) basal nuclei B) Wernicke's area C) primary auditory cortex D) Broca's area E) primary somatosensory cortex
B) Wernicke's area
107) The increased influx of calcium at a postsynaptic terminal with glutamate receptors A) activates a protein kinase that phosphorylates the NMDA receptor, making it more sensitive to glutamate. B) activates a protein kinase that phosphorylates the AMPA receptor, making it more sensitive to glutamate. C) activates the NMDA receptor to increase calcium influx. D) causes a greater release of neurotransmitter from the postsynaptic cell. E) activates the AMPA receptor to increase sodium influx.
B) activates a protein kinase that phosphorylates the AMPA receptor, making it more sensitive to glutamate.
17) Which of the following is known to cause drowsiness? A) birth control pills B) antihistamines C) vitamin D D) vitamin B12 E) aspirinB) antihistamines
B) antihistamines
82) What type of glial cell is necessary for normal development of the blood-brain barrier? 82) A) microglia B) astrocytes C) ependymal cells D) oligodendrocytes E) Schwann cells
B) astrocytes
46) What anatomical feature of the brain has a similar function to that of the cerebellum? 46) A) cingulate gyrus B) basal nuclei C) choroid plexus D) corpus callosum E) amygdala
B) basal nuclei
122) Which spinal nerves originate in the neck region? 122) A) coccygeal nerve B) cervical nerves C) thoracic nerves D) lumbar nerves E) sacral nerves
B) cervical nerves
100) What area of the brain connects the left and right sides of the brain? 100) A) projection fibers B) corpus callosum C) association fibers D) astrocytes E) blood-brain barrier
B) corpus callosum
40) The face is innervated by what type of nerves? 40) A) cervical B) cranial C) lumbar D) sacral E) thoracic
B) cranial
22) Parkinson's disease appears to target ________ cells within the ________. 22) A) cholinergic : substantia nigra B) dopaminergic : substantia nigra C) adrenergic : substantia nigra D) adrenergic : red nuclei E) cholinergic : red nuclei
B) dopaminergic : substantia nigra
79) Which of the following would consist of white matter? 79) A) dorsal horn of the spinal cord B) dorsal columns of the spinal cord C) basal nuclei D) ventral horn of the spinal cord E) cerebral cortex
B) dorsal columns of the spinal cord
1) Where in the cerebral cortex do thoughts occur? 1) A) parietal lobe B) frontal lobe C) temporal lobe D) occipital lobe E) corpus callosum
B) frontal lobe
31) Where in the cerebral cortex do personality traits reside? 31) A) parietal lobe B) frontal lobe C) temporal lobe D) occipital lobe E) corpus callosum
B) frontal lobe
89) Voluntary control of fine discrete movement happens in which lobe of the cerebral cortex? 89) A) parietal lobe B) frontal lobe C) temporal lobe D) occipital lobe E) corpus callosum
B) frontal lobe
112) During rapid eye movement sleep, there is a(n) ________ in frequency of the electroencephalogram 112) and a(n) ________ in arousal threshold. A) decrease : decrease B) increase : increase C) decrease : increase D) increase : decrease E) stabilization : decrease
B) increase : increase
39) What type of glial cell is a phagocyte? A) oligodendrocyte B) microglia C) ependymal cell D) astrocyte E) Schwann cell
B) microglia
78) What emotion drives addiction? 78) A) fear B) pleasure C) aggression D) anger E) depression
B) pleasure
21) The space between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater that contains cerebrospinal fluid is called 21) the A) interventricular foramen. B) subarachnoid space. C) ventricle. D) central canal. E) choroid plexus.
B) subarachnoid space.
19) Which cerebral lobe contains the auditory cortex? A) parietal B) temporal C) occipital D) frontal E) medial
B) temporal
26) Which area of the brain relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex? 26) A) cerebellum B) thalamus C) hypothalamus D) basal nuclei E) corpus callosum
B) thalamus
25) Damage to the cerebellum will lead to which of the following symptoms? 25) A) the generation of slow, fine movements only B) the generation of clumsy, poorly directed movements C) the generation of movement of large muscle groups only D) an inability to accurately plan a movement E) a complete inability to move (lack of execution)
B) the generation of clumsy, poorly directed movements
34) Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a function of sleep? 34) A) to facilitate long-term memory B) to clear short-term memory C) to enhance immune function D) to conserve energy E) mental practicing while dreaming
B) to clear short-term memory
98) Which area of the brain is necessary for language expression? 98) A) basal nuclei B) primary auditory cortex C) Broca's area D) Wernicke's area E) primary somatosensory cortex
C) Broca's area
9) During an initial interview, a patient tells you that he is having intense bizarre nightmares but 69) awakens spontaneously. What phase of sleep would you tell the physician the patient has described to you? A) stage 1 high-frequency sleep B) slow-wave sleep (SWS) or non-REM sleep C) REM sleep D) stage 4 high-frequency sleep E) delta phase sleep
C) REM sleep
81) If you tend to remember your dreams, what stage of sleep are you in and what time of the night are 81) the dreams likely occurring? A) REM sleep during the alternating patterns of REM B) REM sleep and early in the sleep cycle, or just as you make your way into REM sleep C) REM sleep and late into the sleep cycle, or prior to waking in the morning D) slow-wave sleep during stage 1, or just as you fall asleep E) slow-wave sleep during stage 4, or in deep sleep just before you go into REM sleep
C) REM sleep and late into the sleep cycle, or prior to waking in the morning
35) What area of the brain controls language comprehension? 35) A) amygdala B) limbic system C) Wernicke's area D) hypothalamus E) Broca's area
C) Wernicke's area
111) Which of the following degrades certain neurotransmitters? 111) A) microglia B) Schwann cell C) astrocyte D) ependymal cell E) oligodendrocyte
C) astrocyte
64) Which of the following provides support for development of the blood-brain barrier? 64) A) microglia B) Schwann cell C) astrocyte D) ependymal cell E) oligodendrocyte
C) astrocyte
109) Which area of the brain contains the ascending reticular activating system? 109) A) brain stem B) thalamus C) basal nuclei D) cerebellum E) hypothalamus
C) basal nuclei
96) Huntington's disease is one of the few dominant genetic disorders that causes exaggerated 96) involuntary jerking motions and progressive dementia. What area of the brain is primarily responsible for these symptoms? A) choroid plexus B) corpus callosum C) basal nuclei D) amygdala E) cingulate gyrus
C) basal nuclei
2) Which area of the brain provides feedback control of voluntary movement by comparing 2) accomplished movement to planned movement? A) basal nuclei B) corpus callosum C) cerebellum D) thalamus E) hypothalamus
C) cerebellum
54) Which of the following areas of the brain is involved in coordinated movement? 54) A) brainstem nuclei B) thalamus C) cerebellum D) pineal gland E) cortex
C) cerebellum
41) What are the fibers that connect the cortical regions on one side of the brain with the corresponding 41) cortical region on the other side of the brain? A) arcuate fasciculi B) association fibers C) commissural fibers D) projection fibers E) spinothalamic tracts
C) commissural fibers
28) The transitioning of a memory from short term to long term is called 28) A) remembering. B) declaration. C) consolidation. D) plasticity. E) memorizing.
C) consolidation.
8) How is a reflex that requires communication with the brain classified? A) visceral B) spinal C) cranial D) somatic D) frontal E) innate
C) cranial
33) In response to stepping on a nail, the crossed-extensor reflex causes 33) A) extension of the leg on the side of receptor activation. B) flexion of the leg on the side of receptor activation. C) extension of the leg opposite the side of receptor activation. D) flexion of the leg opposite the side of receptor activation. E) extension of the arm on the side of receptor activation.
C) extension of the leg opposite the side of receptor activation.
66) Which of the following is NOT characteristic of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep? 66) A) increased brain activity B) illogical and bizarre thoughts C) increased parasympathetic activity D) loss of postural muscle tone E) decreased limbic system activity
C) increased parasympathetic activity
16) An ascending or descending pathway that is located on the same side of the central nervous system 16) integration center is called A) commissural. B) contralateral. C) ipsilateral. D) lateralized. E) longitudinal.
C) ipsilateral.
115) How is a reflex that requires only a single synapse between two neurons classified? 115) A) bineuronal B) bisynaptic C) monosynaptic D) polyneuronal E) polysynaptic
C) monosynaptic
10) The withdrawal reflex is initiated by activation of what type of receptor? 10) A) warm receptor B) photoreceptor C) nociceptor D) muscle spindle stretch receptor E) taste receptor
C) nociceptor
50) The crossed-extensor reflex is initiated by activation of what type of receptor? 50) A) warm receptor B) muscle spindle stretch receptor C) nociceptor D) photoreceptor E) taste receptor
C) nociceptor
37) Which cerebral lobe contains the visual cortex?A) medial Explanation: B) frontal C) occipital D) temporal E) parietal
C) occipital
88) The ability of the nervous system to adapt anatomically and functionally to changes in its activity is 88) called A) habituation. B) sensitization. C) plasticity. D) consolidation. E) parallel processing.
C) plasticity.
103) The perception of vision begins in which area of the brain? 103) A) Broca's area B) primary auditory cortex C) primary visual cortex D) basal nuclei E) cerebellum
C) primary visual cortex
85) Which area of the brain plays an important role in sleep-wake cycles, arousal of the cerebral cortex, 85) and consciousness? A) diencephalon B) temporal lobe C) reticular formation D) frontal lobes E) cerebellum
C) reticular formation
86) Which of the following represents the five components of a reflex arc in the correct sequence? 86) A) sensory receptor, integration center, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, effector organ B) integration center, sensory receptor, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, effector organ C) sensory receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector organ D) sensory receptor, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, effector organ E) effector organ, sensory receptor, efferent neuron, afferent neuron, effector organ
C) sensory receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector organ
77) Which of the following characteristics is NOT a specialization of the left side of the cerebrum in 77) most individuals? A) expression of language B) logical reasoning C) spatial perception D) analytical reasoning E) comprehension of language
C) spatial perception
67) In addition to an increase in sensitivity to glutamate, the binding of large amounts of glutamate to 67) its receptors on the postsynaptic membrane also A) stimulates presynaptic autoreceptors and enhances its release. B) can overwhelm the synapse. C) stimulates the release of a paracrine messenger that further increases glutamate release. D) affects other synapses that are close to the first. E) directly causes more NMDA channels to open.
C) stimulates the release of a paracrine messenger that further increases glutamate release.
52) Where in the cerebral cortex does auditory perception occur? 52) A) parietal lobe B) frontal lobe C) temporal lobe D) occipital lobe E) corpus callosum
C) temporal lobe
95) Which cranial nerve controls the muscles for chewing? 95) A) oculomotor B) trochlear C) trigeminal D) abducens E) glossopharyngeal
C) trigeminal
113) The primary function of the ventromedial pathways is on the muscles of the 113) A) ears, eyes, and mouth. B) fingers, wrists, and toes. C) trunk, neck, and proximal portions of the limb. D) stomach, back, and buttocks. E) knee, ankle, and foot.
C) trunk, neck, and proximal portions of the limb.
20) The lower motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle, and induce them to contract, originate 20) from the A) pyramidal tract. B) basal nuclei. C) ventral horn of the spinal cord. D) motor cortex. E) dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
C) ventral horn of the spinal cord.
61) You're interviewing a patient who has recently had a stroke. You ask her to state her name and 61) house address. She appears to understand your question, but when she tries to answer, she stutters and slurs her words, which are not grammatically correct. What type of aphasia is your patient displaying? A) Wernicke's B) anomic C) global D) Broca's E) isolation
D) Broca's
5) Physicians administer drugs or do spinal taps in the lumbar region of the spine. Which statement 5) best describes why the lumbar region of the spine is used for such procedures? A) Patients are less sensitive in this area of the back. B) It is due to the anatomical feature of projection fibers that connect the spinal cord with the brain so the drugs will make it to the brain. C) It is because of gravity; the CFS has more pressure in the lumbar region of the spine. D) It is due to the anatomical feature known as the cauda equina (Latin "horse tail"), meaning the spinal cord spreads out into individual nerves and the physician is less likely to harm the spinal cord. E) This is where the dorsal and ventral roots are located and drugs administered to the roots are more effective.
D) It is due to the anatomical feature known as the cauda equina (Latin "horse tail"), meaning the spinal cord spreads out into individual nerves and the physician is less likely to harm the spinal cord.
117) Which statement best describes why nicotine should be avoided before going to bed? 117) A) It binds to receptors in the corpus callosum, which stimulates both sides of the brain. B) It binds to receptors in the cerebral cortex, which is involved in wake/sleep cycles. C) Nicotine should not be avoided before bed; it will help relax you before going to sleep. D) Nicotine mimics acetylcholine, which is associated with the ascending reticular activating system. E) Nicotine is a depressant and, therefore, negative feedback speeds up your heart and respiratory systems, which keep you from relaxing.
D) Nicotine mimics acetylcholine, which is associated with the ascending reticular activating system.
105) In the motor and sensory homunculi, each body part is shown next to the area of cerebral cortex 105) devoted to it. Which statement best describes what these homunculi represent? A) The homunculi map out the dermatomes of the body. B) The relative size of the body part distinguishes which part is primarily on the right side of the brain versus the left. C) The homunculi are open to interpretation by neurologists, based upon his or her area of specialty. D) The relative size of the body part represents the relative size of the cortical area devoted to that body part. E) The relative size of the body parts corresponds to the ascending and descending tracts that control that body part.
D) The relative size of the body part represents the relative size of the cortical area devoted to that body part.
104) You're interviewing a patient who has recently had a stroke. You ask him to state his name and 104) house address. He has no response. You write down your question and have him read it. His reply is "yesterday morrow soon." What type of aphasia is your patient displaying? A) isolation B) anomic C) Broca's D) Wernicke's E) global
D) Wernicke's
87) Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? 87) A) controls thermoregulation B) communication between the nervous and endocrine system C) affects emotions and behaviors in response to emotions D) contains the cardiovascular control centers E) controls hunger and thirst
D) contains the cardiovascular control centers
45) The body surface is mapped into ________, which are regions that receive sensory information 45) from particular spinal nerves. A) motor programs B) cortexes C) homunculi D) dermatomes E) reflex arcs
D) dermatomes
42) Through physical examination, neurologists can easily determine which spinal nerve has been 42) damaged and at what level in the spinal cord an injury has occurred due to mapping out the various sensory regions called A) commissural fibers. B) projection fibers. C) association fibers. D) dermatomes. E) ganglia.
D) dermatomes.
58) The euphoria that is perceived when one ingests drugs such as opioids or amphetamines results 58) from the activation of the ________ system. A) nitridergic B) sympathetic C) adrenergic D) dopaminergic E) cholinergic
D) dopaminergic
70) Which of the following is NOT characteristic of slow-wave sleep? 70) A) decreased muscle tone B) snoring C) decreased brain activity D) elaborate and intense dreams E) increased parasympathetic activity
D) elaborate and intense dreams
116) Which of the following substances requires mediated transport to cross the blood-brain barrier? 116) A) ethanol B) carbon dioxide C) hydrogen ions D) glucose E) oxygen
D) glucose
120) Where is the thermoregulatory center? A) pons B) hippocampus C) amygdala D) hypothalamus E) medulla oblongata
D) hypothalamus
55) In long-term potentiation, the enhanced possibility that an activated postsynaptic membrane will 55) generate an action potential is associated with a(n) A) decrease in its threshold. B) reduction in the number of IPSPs. C) increase in its threshold. D) increased strength of the EPSPs. E) increased number of EPSPs.
D) increased strength of the EPSPs.
43) A characteristic sign of cerebellar damage which involves a violent shaking motion that becomes 43) worse as the limb gets closer to its target is called a(n) ________ tremor. A) kinetic B) action C) postural D) intention E) rest
D) intention
47) Which of the following reflexes is a monosynaptic reflex found in the human body? 47) A) withdrawal B) crossed-flexor C) pupillary light D) muscle spindle stretch E) crossed-extensor
D) muscle spindle stretch
36) Where in the cerebral cortex does visual perception occur? A) parietal lobe B) frontal lobe C) temporal lobe D) occipital lobe E) corpus callosum
D) occipital lobe
92) The three meninges from neural tissue to bone are A) pia mater, dura mater, and arachnoid mater. B) dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. C) arachnoid mater, pia mater, and dura mater. D) pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater. E) dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater.
D) pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater.
48) What endocrine gland is attached to the hypothalamus and involved in the regulation of circadian 48) rhythms? A) basal nuclei B) fornix C) cingulate nuclei D) pineal gland E) parahippocampal gyri
D) pineal gland
59) What emotion is the strongest motivation predictor? 59) A) aggression B) anger C) depression D) pleasure E) fear
D) pleasure
83) Threading a needle or a fishing hook would involve which of the following tracts? 83) A) vestibulospinal B) tectospinal C) spinocerebellar D) pyramidal E) reticulospinal
D) pyramidal
75) When your mind is "racing" at night and you cannot fall asleep what, region of the brain is keeping 75) you awake? A) limbic system B) cerebellum C) pons D) reticular formation E) forebrain
D) reticular formation
32) Your roommate not only talks in her sleep but also sleepwalks. Which statement best describe what 32) sleep phase she is in? A) stage 1 high-frequency sleep B) delta phase sleep C) stage 4 high-frequency sleep D) slow-wave sleep (SWS) or non-REM sleep E) REM sleep
D) slow-wave sleep (SWS) or non-REM sleep
119) Which of the following does NOT describe a type of reflex that occurred when Pavlov's dogs 119) salivated in response to the ringing of a bell? A) polysynaptic B) visceral C) conditioned D) spinal E) cranial
D) spinal
6) A new mother is visiting the pediatrician because her baby is sleeping up to 17 hours a day. She 6) jokes with the doctor that her husband, who is quite older than she, sleeps only 5 hours a day and seems fully rested. Which of the following would be the most likely response from the physician? A) "The normal sleep cycle is 8 hours. We need to hospitalize your baby for observation." B) "Your baby is sleeping too much, but since your husband is up, have him play with the baby." C) "I will refer you to a sleep center as both your baby and husband need to be evaluated for sleep disorders." D) "Your baby is fine. It is normal for babies to sleep up to 17 hours a day. However, you probably need to send your husband to a doctor since a person needs to sleep at least 8 hours a day." E) "Your baby is fine. It is normal for babies to sleep up to 17 hours a day. By the way, it is also normal for older adults to need less sleep as they age."
E) "Your baby is fine. It is normal for babies to sleep up to 17 hours a day. By the way, it is also normal for older adults to need less sleep as they age."
99) Which region of the limbic system is primarily involved in the emotion of fear? 99) A) cingulate gyrus B) fornix C) thalamus D) hippocampus E) amygdala
E) amygdala
15) Which of the following is a descending tract? 15) A) lateral spinothalamic tract B) anterior spinothalamic tract C) spinotectal tract D) dorsal columns E) anterior pyramidal tract
E) anterior pyramidal tract
8) What type of glial cells plays a critical role in maintaining extracellular potassium levels? 8) A) Schwann cells B) ependymal cells C) oligodendrocytes D) microglia E) astrocytes
E) astrocytes
53) Damage to which area of the brain can result in Huntington's chorea or Parkinson's disease? 53) A) cerebellum B) hypothalamus C) thalamus D) corpus callosum E) basal nuclei
E) basal nuclei
114) When you're awake and alert, an EEG shows a pattern of high-frequency, low-amplitude 114) oscillations known as ________. When you're awake but resting, the EEG shifts to a new pattern of lower-frequency, higher-amplitude waves known as ________. A) theta waves : delta waves B) delta waves : theta waves C) sigmoid waves : electromagnetic waves D) alpha waves : beta waves E) beta waves : alpha waves
E) beta waves : alpha waves
51) Which of the following protects the soft tissues of the brain? 51) A) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) B) the meninges C) the cranium D) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the cranium E) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the meninges, and the cranium
E) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the meninges, and the cranium
108) Which cranial nerve controls the motor control of swallowing and salivary glands and taste? 108) A) oculomotor B) trochlear C) trigeminal D) abducens E) glossopharyngeal
E) glossopharyngeal
91) This area of the brain is often referred to as the "control center" because it plays an important role in 91) regulating homeostasis. It is involved in hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, and many other important homeostatic measures. A) thalamus B) limbic system C) cerebellum D) cerebral cortex E) hypothalamus
E) hypothalamus
106) How is a reflex with which we are born classified? A) visceral B) spinal C) cranial D) somatic E) innate
E) innate
63) What area of the brain is often referred to as the "primitive brain" due to its association with very 63) basic human drives such as aggression, fear, and the sense of smell? A) cerebellum B) cerebral cortex C) thalamus D) hypothalamus E) limbic system
E) limbic system
4) Which of the following characteristics is NOT a specialization of the right side of the cerebrum in 4) most individuals? A) spatial perception B) creativity C) artistic qualities D) musical E) logic
E) logic
24) Which nerves innervate the anterior thigh? A) sacral nerves B) thoracic nerves C) cervical nerves D) cranial nerves E) lumbar nerves
E) lumbar nerves
90) Which of the following enhances the conduction velocity of neurons in the central nervous system? 90) A) microglia B) Schwann cell C) astrocyte D) ependymal cell E) oligodendrocyte
E) oligodendrocyte
9) Rapid eye movement (REM) is called paradoxical sleep because 9) A) electroencephalogram activity is quite different from slow-wave sleep. B) people are less likely to awaken spontaneously during REM sleep when arousal threshold is lowest. C) electroencephalogram activity reverts toward that observed in an awake, alert person. D) electroencephalogram activity can change quite extensively during REM sleep. E) people are more likely to awaken spontaneously during REM sleep when arousal threshold is highest.
E) people are more likely to awaken spontaneously during REM sleep when arousal threshold is highest.
11) The ability of the nervous system to alter its anatomy and function in response to changes in its 11) activity pattern is called A) consolidation. B) memorizing. C) remembering. D) declaration. E) plasticity.
E) plasticity.
68) What neural pathway provides for the control of fine, discrete movements of the extremities? 68) A) tectospinal tract B) spinothalamic tract C) rubrospinal tract D) reticularspinal tract E) pyramidal tract
E) pyramidal tract
101) What symptom of stroke distinguishes it from other neurological disorders? 101) A) loss of vision B) muscle weakness C) tingling sensations in the extremities D) paralysis E) sudden onset
E) sudden onset
27) The ________ plays a principle role in establishing the circadian rhythm of the body. 27) A) putamen B) globus pallidus C) cingulate gyrus D) caudate nucleus E) suprachiasmatic nucleus
E) suprachiasmatic nucleus
71) What region of the diencephalon filters and refines sensory information, allowing us to direct our 71) attention to specific external stimuli? A) basal nuclei B) putamen C) limbic system D) hypothalamus E) thalamus
E) thalamus