Chapter 9

Which hormone monitors the body's longer-term energy reserves in the form of fat?

Leptin

Suppose that your car battery dies, and you find yourself stranded in a winter storm. Which response would not be considered a behavioral mechanism for regulating body temperature while you are waiting for help to arrive?

Lowering your breathing rate

Which response is not a physiological response of the mammalian thermoregulatory system?

Lying in the shade

Which event will trigger osmotic thirst?

A salty meal

Which statement correctly describes osmotic pressure?

The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane

People suffering from bulimia nervosa

get caught in binge-purge eating cycles.

Research using fMRI shows that drinking glucose after fasting induces activity in the

hypothalamus.

Research on the effects of leptin indicates that activation of POMC neurons in the hypothalamus

suppresses hunger.

When a cell comes into contact with pure water it

swells.

The receptors that detect drops in extracellular volume are located in the

vascular system.

Which therapeutic intervention would be most appropriate for someone suffering from treatment-resistant bulimia?

Cognitive behavioral therapy

The body fluid compartments change with _______ upon severe water loss.

Decreased blood pressure and decreased plasma volume

A(n) _______ solution is a solution with the same concentration as physiological saline

Isotonic

Which structure produces angiotensin II?

Kidneys

Behavioral regulation of body temperature, like moving closer to the fire, is especially affected by lesions of the

Lateral hypothalamus

One of the primary causes of eating disorders is believed to be

a cultural that emphasizes thinness as being attractive.

The hormone _______ acts to conserve sodium by acting on the _______.

aldosterone; kidneys

The hormone _______ is generated in the kidney via a cascade of enzymatic actions in response to hypovolemia.

angiotensin II

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have opposing effects on _______ and _______.

appetite; metabolism

The stimuli associated with food, such as its smell, provoke the release of insulin during the _______ phase.

cephalic

The peptide _______, released by the gut after eating, transmits information about nutrient levels to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) via the vagus nerve.

cholecysotokinin (CCK)

Two physiological responses to hypovolemia are _______ of blood vessels and the secretion of _______ by the posterior pituitary.

constriction; vasopressin

An excess of glucose in urine is symptomatic of

diabetes mellitus

Injecting PYY3-36 into rats causes them to

eat less.

It is thought that each individual's _______ is in two-way communication with the brain via chemical signals and the _______.

enterotype; vagus nerve

In mammals, the saltiness of the _______ environment _______.

extracellular; is similar across species

One of the reasons we know that insulin is not the only cue for satiety is that

high doses of insulin initiate eating.

One of the selective advantages of endothermy appears to be

increased capacity to sustain a high level of muscular activity.

Physiological saline is also sometimes described as

isotonic

Under conditions of prolonged food deprivation, fat can be converted into glucose and a secondary form of fuel, called

ketones

The population of beneficial bacteria, fungi, and viruses that inhabit the large intestine of human beings is referred to as a

microbiome.

Research shows that mutations that result in defective leptin receptors (LepRa through LepRf) cause _______ both in lab animals and in humans.

morbid obesity

The two main kinds of thirst are _______ thirst and _______ thirst.

osmotic; hypovolemic

People with a BMI of 25-30 are in the body weight level of

overweight.

A general feature of homeostatic mechanisms is

redundancy

Thermoregulation is considered a negative feedback system because

restoring the desired temperature turns off the response.

In rats, lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) lead to all of the following except

self-maintenance of normal weight.

When an animal loses a lot of blood, there is a tendency of baroreceptors to signal

thirst.

The type of diabetes called _______ is characterized by a cessation of insulin production early in life.

type I diabetes

One of the reasons we know that glucose cannot be the only cue for satiety is that

untreated diabetics are hungry.

The saltiness of fluid in the stomach and intestine is monitored by neurons in the gut, and this information is communicated to the brain via the

vagus nerve.

The body stores glucose for later use after first converting it to a more complex form called

glycogen.

What percent of food energy is spent on basal metabolism?

80-90%

Long-term energy storage is accomplished by storage of fat in _______ tissue.

Adipose

______ involves periodic binge eating followed by ______ or taking laxatives to avoid weight gain

Bulimia ; vomiting

Anticipation of glucose in the blood facilitates which phase of insulin release?

Cephalic

Which intervention or research findings has not been an effective weight loss strategy?

Drugs that block the visual appeal of food

Which pair of hormones have opposing effects on NPY neurons?

Ghrelin and PYY3-36

_______ refers to the active process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment.

Homeostasis

Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen?

Insulin

What is the effect of injecting of anandamide into the hypothalamus?

It stimulates eating.

Which example demonstrates ectothermic behavior?

A turtle basking on a sunny log

Angiotensin II acts on the _______ to provoke the release of _______.

Adrenals; aldosterone

Lesions to which brain region would impair physiological responses to temperature in endotherms?

Preoptic area

In rats with LH lesions, which outcome does not occur?

An initial increase in food intake

Which hormone causes blood vessels to constrict

Angiotensin II

Which items are incorrectly paired?

Bulimia nervosa; significant weight loss

Amino acids that are not manufactured by our bodies are classified as

Essential

Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose?

Glucagon

Leptin inhibits the secretion of _______ neurons, which work(s) in opposition to POMC neurons.

NPY

The response to increase in the salt concentration of the extracellular solution is called ________ thirst

Osmotic

High circulating levels of leptin activate the _______ satiety neurons and simultaneously inhibit the _______ hunger neurons.

POMC; NPY

The intestinal hormones, _______ and _______, both show a rapid increase in secretion in response to eating, and have the effect of appetite suppression.

PYY3-36; GLP-1

What is the significance of a set zone, as opposed to a precise set point, in terms of thermoregulation?

The wide variety of conditions that animals face makes a tolerance, or set zone, instead of a precise set point, more adaptable

Which molecule is known as antidiuretic hormone?

Vasopressin