Chapter 9 & 10 learning curve

has a three-carbon molecule end product and alcoholic fermentation does not.

The main difference between lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation is that lactic acid fermentation

photorespiration.

The question mark in the table can be replaced with

2; 32; H2O

The reaction equation that represents the chemical change resulting from glycolysis followed by alcoholic fermentation is C6H12O6→ 2 C2H6O + 2 CO2+ _______ATP; the reaction equation that represents the chemical change resulting from glycolysis followed by cellular respiration is C6H12O6+ 6 O2→ 6 CO2+ _______ ATP + 6 _______.

Pyrimidines

Which class of molecules is derived from intermediates in the citric acid cycle?

Cytochrome c

Which component of the respiratory chain is a peripheral protein

Cytochrome c

Which component of the respiratory chain is a peripheral protein?

AH transfers electrons to NAD+, reducing it to NADH.

Which is an accurate statement about these reactions?

Yeast and a source of glucose

Which is required for wine production?

CO2> CHOOH > CH3OH > CH4

Which list places the molecules, from left to right, from most oxidized to least oxidized?

Acetyl CoA

Which molecule from glycolysis or the citric acid pathway serves as the building block for lipid synthesis?

NADH is the reduced form of NAD+from the addition of H+and two electrons.

Which statement about NADH is true?

Chemical transformations occur in a series of separate chemical reactions

Which statement about metabolic pathways is correct ?

It generates a six-carbon molecule that splits into two molecules of 3PG.

Which statement about rubisco is true?

NADH and FADH2can donate their electrons to the electron transport chain and be regenerated to allow the citric acid cycle to continue.

Which statement best describes how key molecules are regenerated to allow continued metabolism in a cell?

These reactions require energy in the form of two ATP per glucose molecule.

Which statement best describes steps 1, 2, and 3 of glycolysis (glucose → glucose 6-phosphate → fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)?

Two ATP molecule are required in the first three steps per glucose

Which statement regarding glycolysis is true ?

Oxygen is not required.

Which statement regarding glycolysis is true?

Two ATP molecules are required in the first three steps per glucose molecule.

Which statement regarding glycolysis is true?

pigment molecules; reaction center; chemical energy

Which terms correctly fill the blanks in the following statement: A light-harvesting complex composed of _______surrounds a central _______, where energy absorbed is channeled for its conversion to _______.

During rest, lactate dehydrogenase was able to reduce the lactic acid levels in your muscles by using O2to catalyze the oxidation of lactic acid back to pyruvate.

You are practicing 200-meter sprints, running them back-to-back. You are hoping to improve your time with each repetition, but instead find that your running time is longer with each repetition. Discouraged, you go home and rest. The next day, you run a 200-meter sprint and have your fastest time yet. What is a logical explanation for these results?

Eight

How many reaction steps are involved in the citric acid cycle?

Free energy relative to O2 ( kcal/mole)

How should the y(vertical ) axis be labeled

Free energy relative to O2(kcal/mole)

How should the y(vertical) axis be labeled?

1.0 mole.

If 0.5 mole of glucose is oxidized by lactic acid fermentation, the amount of ATP generated in the cytoplasm will be

photosynthesis rates decrease.

If stomata on a plant leaf close, then

Which class of molecules is derived from intermediates in the citric acid cycle ?

Pyrimidines

oxygen.

"Anaerobic conditions" means that there is an absence of

It lacks genes for citric acid cycle enzymes.

A biochemist discovers several new microorganisms in a sample taken from the bottom of a deep lake in Antarctica. In characterizing one of these organisms, she finds that it cannot survive in an aerobic environment and produces lactic acid as a waste product. What is also likely true about this organism?

A ball rolling down a staircase

A student wants to develop a demonstration to explain the energy changes taking place as electrons are transferred along the respiratory chain. Which everyday objects could he use to accomplish his goal?

electron

A(n) _______moves from a low energy level to a higher energy level to produce this excited-state chlorophyll molecule.

captures the potential energy of the proton gradient in the intermembrane space as the chemical energy in phosphate bonds of ATP.

ATP synthase is the protein complex that

in muscle tissue when there is an insufficient supply of oxygen.

Fermentation is a process that occurs

decrease its activity in the presence of a product of the same or a different pathway.

Allosteric regulation of an enzyme means that the enzyme may

30

Approximately how many more ATP molecules per glucose molecule are produced via glycolysis and cellular respiration than via glycolysis and fermentation?

Refer to the table showing products from the complete oxidation of glucose and the complete oxidation of palmitic acid ( a fatty acid) The label "X" should be replaced with

Carbon dioxide

A large molecule is broken down into its constituent molecules and releases energy

Catabolic interconversion is a metabolic pathway in which

a large molecule is broken down into its constituent molecules and releases energy.

Catabolic interconversion is a metabolic pathway in which

Involves the oxidation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide

Cellular respiration refers to the metabolic process that

involves the oxidation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.

Cellular respiration refers to the metabolic process that

Fermentation provides a means for the cycling of NADH back to NAD+so that glycolysis can continue.

Fermentation is an important process that allows organisms growing in anaerobic environments to harvest energy from glucose. Which statement about fermentation explains one other reason why fermentation is important to anaerobic organisms?

that involves the respiratory chain and ATP synthases.

Choose the phrase that correctly completes this sentence: Oxidative phosphorylation is a process

much more glucose than the aerobe.

Compare the amount of glucose consumption needed by an anaerobic fermenting microorganism with that needed by an aerobic organism in order to perform the same functions. The anaerobe would need

Oxidative phosphorylation has two major components: ___________________ and _________________

Electron transport and chemiosmosis

FADH2 and NADH

Electrons are shuttled from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the respiratory chain via

FADH2and NADH.

Electrons are shuttled from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the respiratory chain via

The respiratory chain enzymes are found on the cell membrane.

Energy production occurs in different locations in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Which statement is true for prokaryotes?

Ten

How many enzymatic steps are involved in glycolysis in animals

Steps 1-3 catalyze reactions that require ATP, while steps 6-10 catalyze changes that produce NADH and ATP.

How are steps 1-3 of glycolysis different from steps 6-10?

Bubbles of carbon dioxide are rising in the mixture.

If you were making beer, you would combine water, a starch source such as malted barley that becomes a sugar source during fermentation, and brewer's yeast, which is responsible for the fermentation. As the process proceeds, what is a good indication that your mixture is producing alcohol?

compound A in its reduced state has the most stored free energy.

In comparing the compounds shown in the figure, one can conclude that Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices

Mitochondria

In eukaryotes, the organelle containing the enzymes necessary for oxidation of glucose beyond glycolysis is the

Fermentation is a process that occurs

In muscle tissue when there is insufficient supply of oxygen

Carbohydrates

In the overall reaction describing photosynthesis, which class of compounds is represented in one of the products?

electron acceptor.

In the reaction shown, NAD+helps harvest energy from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by functioning as a(n)

oxygen

Life in its earliest stages was very simple, and prokaryotes were the dominant life form. However, things changed about 2.3 billion years ago that allowed many new life forms to evolve and multicellularity to emerge. These changes were due to the rise in _______levels in the atmosphere.

Oxygen

Life in its earliest stages way very simple and prokaryotes were the dominant life form. However , things changed about 2.3 billion years ago that allowed many new life forms to evolve and multicellularity to emerge. These changes were due to the rise in ______________ levels in the atmosphere.

Cytoplasm

Like glycolysis , fermentation occurs in the

cytoplasm.

Like glycolysis, fermentation occurs in the

Large sets of interconnected chemical transformational steps , each with a specific enzyme

Metabolic pathways are

At the intersection of several busy superhighways

Metabolic pathways are somewhat like roadways: A metabolic path may be one-way or two-way. It may contain intersections that connect many different pathways, or it may be isolated, with a dead end, and only connect to one other pathway. What roadway analogy could be used to describe the location of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P, product of the Calvin cycle) in plant cell metabolism?

a balance between catabolism and anabolism.

Organisms regulate certain metabolic enzymes in cells in order to maintain

electron transport; chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation has two major components: _______and _______.

"Anaerobic conditions" means that there is an absence of

Oxygen

FADH2.

Products from the citric acid cycle include

The citric acid cycle

Proteins are built from carbons that can come directly from

the citric acid cycle.

Proteins are built from carbons that can come directly from

Thylakoids preincubated in a pH 4 solution and then moved to a pH 7.5 solution containing ADP and Pi

Refer to the figure showing an experiment using thylakoids from chloroplasts. (Click image to enlarge.)If an experiment based on the one illustrated in the figure were carried out, which thylakoids would produce the most ATP?

rotates; move from high to low concentration

Refer to the figure showing mitochondrial ATP synthase. (Click image to enlarge.)The figure illustrates how the central shaft-like polypeptide of the F1subunit _______as protons _______ through the channel formed by the F0subunit.

Pyruvate is decarboxylated and oxidized to acetyl CoA, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH

Refer to the figure shown the reaction that links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle . Which statement correctly describes the chemical changes depicted in this reaction

Oxidation of molecules from glucose is coupled to reduction of oxygen, which allows for controlled release of energy in a form that the cell can use.

Refer to the figure. (Click image to enlarge.)Five statements about energy metabolism in cells are given. Which statement can be used to explain the importance of the process shown in the figure?

M is the most oxidized, and P is the most reduced.

Refer to the figure. (Click image to enlarge.)Of the compounds shown, which is the most oxidized, and which is the most reduced?

Tube Z, because cells grow fastest when they harvest the greatest available energy from glucose.

Refer to the figure. A biochemist inoculated a test tube containing liquid medium with a few bacterial cells of a single species. A concentration gradient of oxygen was present in the tube, with very low levels of oxygen at the bottom of the tube and increasingly higher concentrations toward the top of the tube. The highest levels of oxygen were at the top of the liquid medium. Glucose was present in equal concentrations throughout the tube. The particular bacterial species used to inoculate the tube is able to grow either aerobically or anaerobically. (Click image to enlarge.)Which tube would most likely represent the growth pattern of bacteria under these conditions, and why?

A step to show that pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, the compound that enters the citric acid cycle

Refer to the figure. A student made this diagram as a study guide for learning the steps involved in the aerobic catabolism of glucose. (Click image to enlarge.)One step could be added to better illustrate these steps. Which step should be added?

used as an energy source.

Refer to the figure. Carbon-13 is a non-radioactive isotope of carbon that is safe for humans to ingest. This isotope can be identified and quantified using an analytical instrument called a mass spectrometer. The figure shows results of such an analysis of the fate of 13C-labeled alanine given orally to human volunteers just before they began intensive and prolonged exercise. (Click image to enlarge.)From the results shown, it can be concluded that the majority of alanine ingested just before exercise is

NADH

Refer to the figure. Some of the chemical energy present in pyruvate is harvested during an oxidation reduction process taking place in the multi step reaction shown in the figure In which molecule is this harvested chemical energy stored ?

Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH

Refer to the figure. Which statement correctly describes the oxidation -reduction reaction

carbon dioxide.

Refer to the table showing the products from the complete oxidation of glucose and the complete oxidation of palmitic acid (a fatty acid). (Click image to enlarge.)The label "X" should be replaced with Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices

Compound A inhibits the first component of the electron transport chain, while compound Z inhibits a later component of the chain.

Refer to the table. Mouse mitochondria were isolated and incubated with two different compounds to see whether they affected FADH2oxidation, NADH oxidation, or ATP formation. A control sample was run in the absence of either compound. The results are summarized in the table as "yes" if a process was observed and "no" if a process was not observed. (Click image to enlarge.)Which statement is consistent with these data?

Refer to the figure showing mitochondrial ATP synthase The figure illustrates how the central shaft like polypeptide of the F1 subunit ___________ as protons _____ through the channel formed by the F0 subunit

Rotates ; move from high to low concentration

A compound that inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase

Some poisons are compounds that interfere with metabolic pathways. Which poison would interfere with the citric acid cycle but not affect glycolysis?

A six-carbon molecule enters glycolysis, while a two-carbon molecule enters the citric acid cycle.

The carbon-containing molecule that enters glycolysis differs from the one that enters the citric acid cycle. How do the numbers of carbon atoms per molecule compare in these two cases?

Electron transport uses a series of several proteins, each of which functions to capture a portion of the total energy of the electrons entering the chain.

The cell harvests a very large amount of free energy from glucose in the form of ATP. Which statement can be used as part of an explanation about how the cell accomplishes this harvesting process with high efficiency (i.e., with very little loss in energy as heat)?

how a proton gradient is coupled to ATP production.

The chemiosmotic mechanism explains

FAD and NAD+.

The complete oxidation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and water requires molecules that shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain. Those molecules are

oxidation reduces the number of electrons, while reduction increases the number of electrons.

The difference between oxidation and reduction is that

a negative feedback mechanism of regulation.

The figure illustrates one type of mechanism used by a cell to regulate its metabolism. (Click image to enlarge.)This is an example of

oxidation-reduction reactions and phosphorylations.

The types of chemical reactions involved in the aerobic breakdown of glucose by a cell include

is fermented to lactate or alcohol.

Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate

Gluconeogenesis

What is an example of anabolic interconversion

Cytoplasm

What is the cellular location of glycolysis in eukaryotes

Cytoplasm

What is the cellular location of glycolysis in eukaryotes?

mitochondrial matrix

What is the cellular location of the citric acid cycle?

liver.

When a person runs for an extended period of time, the main source of glucose for muscle cells comes from the breakdown of glycogen in the

ATP molecules are important in metabolism because ATP can

release chemical energy, which drives endergonic reactions.