chapter 9 & up human bio
Which of these cells is a phagocytic leukocyte that can engulf a foreign bacterium?
macrophage
Which of the following types of cell can ingest pathogens?
macrophages
molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a
neurotransmitter.
An impulse relayed along a myelinated axon "jumps" from _____ to _____.
node of Ranvier ... node of Ranvier
What is the one disease that has been successfully eradicated?
smallpox
A stimulus has opened the voltage-gated sodium channels in an area of a neuron's plasma membrane. As a result, _____ rushes into the neuron and diffuses to adjacent areas; this in turn results in the _____ in the adjacent areas.
sodium ... opening of voltage-gated sodium channels
What part of a neuron relays signals from one neuron to another neuron or to an effector?
synaptic terminal
Stereocilia are embedded in a gelatinous structure known as the ________.
tectorial membrane
Which hormone do some scientists believe takes over when the stock market is doing well
testosterone
Which part of the brain functions as a relay station for information to the limbic system and the cerebral cortex?
thalamus
During an action potential
the inside of the neuron becomes positively charged relative to the outside
During an action potential
the inside of the neuron becomes positively charged relative to the outside.
When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal,
they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.
What causes an action potential to be conducted along a neuron's axon?
The change in charge difference across the membrane spreads from open sodium channels, causing sodium channels farther along the axon to open
What causes an action potential to be conducted along a neuron's axon?
The change in charge difference across the membrane spreads from open sodium channels, causing sodium channels farther along the axon to open.
The first link between primary cilia and disease was found in a disease of which organ?
kidney
What type of receptors keep track of where our limbs are?
kinesthetic receptors
The _____ changes shape to focus light on the retina.
lens
Which condition causes fat to be redistributed throughout the body, leaving the face and legs thin while the belly is distended and the back is humped?
lipodystrophy
What do many AIDS patients suffer from, mostly because of either intravenous drug use or alcohol abuse?
liver disease
Which part of the eye contains the densest concentration of cone cells?
Fovea
Which of the following events is the first to occur during an action potential?
Sodium channels open.
Which set of words can correctly be used to describe interneurons?
excitatory and inhibitory
The direct cause of the heat generated by a wound or local infection is ________.
histamine, which causes the smooth muscle cells of the arterioles to relax; this leads to a cascade of events causing the tissue to become hot
When a hormone binds to a receptor, the resulting molecule is called a(n) ________.
hormone-receptor comple
What is the source of a viral envelope?
host cell membrane
The structure that controls hormone release by both the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary is the ________.
hypothalamus
When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron,
ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open.
Which statement is most correct about the activities of psychoactive drugs?
Psychoactive drugs may either increase or decrease the response of the receptor.
When the neurotransmitter crosses the synapse, what happens?
The neurotransmitter causes the channel to open, and this can cause a depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.
With regard to dynamic equilibrium and static equilibrium, we can say that ________.
Receptors in the semicircular canals are responsible for dynamic equilibrium, and receptors in the vestibule are responsible for static equilibrium.
Which of the following events is the first to occur during an action potential?
Sodium channels open
A neuron has a resting potential of about _____ millivolts.
-70
How many primary cilia stick out of cells that have them?
1
Women have about ______ the amount of testosterone that men have.
10%
There are four bacteria in an egg salad that is left out at room temperature. After two hours, how many bacteria will be in the egg salad?
256
There are an estimated ________ cases of malaria infection each year.
500 million
Upon further testing, it was discovered that _____ of people suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome have the virus in question.
98%
A Between 2001 and 2005, what happened to the number of people living with H.I.V. in the U.S.?
A It has increased
Which of these is a logical signal transduction pathway?
A G-protein-linked receptor activates G protein, which activates phospholipase C, which cleaves a membrane protein to form IP3, which binds to a calcium channel on the ER, which opens to release calcium ions into the cytoplasm, which bind to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.
A certain drug prevents a neurotransmitter from initiating a response in the receiving neuron. Which of the following statements best describes the mechanism by which the drug may be acting?
A certain drug prevents a neurotransmitter from initiating a response in the receiving neuron. Which of the following statements best describes the mechanism by which the drug may be acting?
What is the difference between a reflex and a reflex arc?
A reflex is an automatic response; a reflex arc is the neural circuitry.
If a gene is activated by a hormone, what is the most likely chain of events?
A strand of mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus. It leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm. The message is translated into a new protein.
Which part of the brain is associated with conscious thought, memory, and personality?
Cerebral cortex
Why are many muscles at the effector end of the reflex arc found in antagonistic pairs?
Antagonistic muscles have opposite actions. This is often needed for a reflex
Clonal selection is the division of _____ that have been stimulated by binding to an antigen, which results in the production of cloned _____.
B cells ... plasma cells and memory cells
What occurs when the action potential reaches the synaptic terminal?
Calcium ions rush into the presynaptic terminal.
Which structure helps bacteria to attach within the tissues that they will infect?
Capsule
Which of the following statements about color vision is NOT true?
Cone cells use different retinal molecules to absorb different wavelengths of light.
What is the final step in the cell-mediated response to a viral infection?
Cytotoxic T cells punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells
The book Silent Spring fueled the fight against what?
DDT
Which of the following sequences represents the path by which sound waves travel through the ear?
External auditory canal, eardrum, oval window, cochlea
The most accurate statement about FSH is ________
FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both sperm production and egg development
True or false. The lens is the only structure in the vertebrate eye that focuses light onto the retina
False
As an action potential is propagated and the voltage-regulated ion gates open and close, what happens?
First the membrane polarity is reversed and then the ions return to their normal electrical state
You just ate about half your birthday cake. Which of the following is happening in your body?
Glucose increases, insulin increases, glucagon decreases.
_____ interact with the antigen-class II MHC complex presented by macrophages
Helper T cells
hormones
Hormones affect energy utilization.Hormones influence protein synthesis. Hormones may be involved in secretory activity.Hormones can affect the activities of the plasma membrane.
Which country turned to women to lead banks during an economic downfall?
Iceland
Consider the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Which statement is generally true?
In general, the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is norepinephrine, and the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine.
Which statement accurately describes the myelin sheath?
It speeds up the conduction of nervous impulses.
The most accurate statement about LH is ________.
LH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both testosterone production and ovulation
When talking about the movement of neurotransmitters, what can we accurately say?
Neurotransmitters are released by one neuron, diffuse across a gap, and bind to receptor sites on another cell membrane, triggering a change in the activity of the receptor cell.
Which of the following statements best describes the end result of bacterial conjugation?
One cell has given a copy of a plasmid to another cell and kept one copy for itself
If the level of calcium in the blood falls below the homeostatic level, which of the following would be true?
Parathormone levels in the body would increase.
What is the sensory trick that occurs when the tendon of the biceps is vibrated, causing subjects to believe their forearm is getting longer?
Pinocchio illusion
plasma cells is
Plasma cells are derived from cytotoxic B cells. Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood. Plasma cells are part of the defense stage of he immune response.
As a generalization, which of the following can we correctly say about photoreceptors?
Rods detect dim light and cones detect color
As a generalization, which of the following can we correctly say about photoreceptors?
Rods detect dim light and cones detect color.
What does saltatory conduction mean?
Saltatory conduction means that the nerve impulse seems to jump from one node to the next—and is regenerated as it speeds along.
What type of cell makes up the myelin sheath of a motor neuron?
Schwann cells
When speaking of myelinating glial cells, we can correctly say that ________.
Schwann cells are glial cells found outside the brain and spinal cord; oligodendrocytes are glial cells found in the brain and spinal cord
Which of the following statements is true about the interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers may innervate the same organs, but they have generally opposite effects.
Which part of the brain functions as a relay station for information to the limbic system and the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
HIV is a retrovirus. Which of the following is NOT a part of the retrovirus scenario?
The RNA entering the host cell from the retrovirus functions in the cytoplasm to produce new viral particles.
Which of the following statements about photoreception is true?
The brain combines signals from the different types of cone cells to differentiate the colors of the visible spectrum.
Which of the following statements about the human ear is true?
The brain interprets input from different regions of the basilar membrane as different pitches.
From which cell does the sex pilus originate during bacterial conjugation?
The donor cell
Which of the following is the most correct statement about psychoactive drugs and neurotransmitters?
The first three answers are all correct. Psychoactive drugs can increase the number of neurotransmitter molecules; they can decrease the number of neurotransmitter molecules; and they can bind to the neurotransmitter receptor sites.
How are hormones related to the interaction of the nervous system and muscular system?
The nervous system can control muscle movement by controlling the release of hormones.
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
The photoreceptors are on the innermost layer (the layer closest to the center) of the retina
Which statement most accurately describes the relative physical position of the ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
The sympathetic ganglia are located in chain-like fashion near the spinal cord. The parasympathetic ganglia are located closer to their target organs.
Think of the heart in the tutorial. Now, picture yourself being chased by a herd of wild elephants. What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic actions on your heart?
The sympathetic nervous system will cause the heart rate to speed up. The parasympathetic nervous system will be "overridden."
Which of these statements best describes a synapse?
The synapse includes the space between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane.
How does HIV bind to a host cell?
The viral envelope proteins bind to CD4 and a co-receptor.
How do releasing hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?
They are released near blood vessels (a capillary bed) in the hypothalamus, travel a short distance, and diffuse out around the cells of the anterior pituitary.
Which of the following is NOT a method for clearing neurotransmitters from a synapse?
They can be taken up into the postsynaptic neuron.
Amphetamines are drugs that can bind to the same receptors as the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and can also inhibit the enzymes that break down norepinephrine. Based on this information, which of the following effects would amphetamines most likely have on norepinephrine action?
They produce the same effects as norepinephrine for a prolonged period of time
What is the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response?
They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels at the wound site
True or false. Bacteria reproduce by an asexual process in which one parent cell gives rise to identical daughter cells.
True
True or false. Sound waves that enter the human ear are transmitted in fluid only in the inner ear.
True
Which of the following statements would be the best way to describe or define the concept of the second messenger?
When the binding of the hormone to a membrane receptor (the "first messenger") activates another molecule within the cell (often cyclic AMP), that activated molecule is the second messenger.
What virus is suspected of causing chronic fatigue syndrome?
XMRV
Whether a sound is interpreted by the brain as a higher or lower pitch is determined by the ________.
anatomy of the basilar membrane
Structures that precipitate antigens, promote lysis, attract phagocytes, and neutralize toxins are called ________.
antibodies
What type of drugs became the standard of care for H.I.V. patients in the mid-1990s
antiretroviral drugs
Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in _____.
association with a cell's plasma membrane
The scientists on the trip were focusing on what aspect of the brain that many refer to as 'the holy grail.'
attention
An action potential moves along a(n) _____.
axon
The part of the nerve cell responsible for origination of the nerve impulse is the ________.
axon hillock, because this is the specific area of the nerve cell that generates the electrical impulse that travels along the axon
Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor?
estrogen
Name the three principal parts of the nerve cell.
axon, dendrites, cell body
A nerve impulse moves away from a neuron's cell body along _____.
axons
nerve impulse moves away from a neuron's cell body along _____.
axons
The virus suspected of causing chronic fatigue syndrome is descended from a virus that causes what in mice?
cancer
C What is the function of reverse transcriptase?
catalyzing the formation of DNA from a RNA template
A neuron's nucleus is located in its _____.
cell body
Which of the following is the source of quinine?
cinchona bark
The eye acts like a camera. Which structure or structures bend(s) the light coming into the eye so that clear, camera-like vision can be achieved?
cornea and lens
Which hormone do some scientists believe takes over when the stock market is in decline
cortisol
A nerve impulse moves toward a neuron's cell body along _____.
dendrites
Debate begins early on the trip when one researcher repeatedly checks for what?
Which of these is a nonsteroid hormone?
epinephrine and oxytocin
Which of the following sequences represents the pathway by which sound waves travel through the ear?
external auditory canal, eardrum, oval window, cochlea
True or false. The adrenal gland secretes hormones that slow down the heart rate and lower blood glucose levels.
false
True or false. The lens is the only structure in the vertebrate eye that focuses light onto the retina.
false
True or false. When you suffer an injury, white blood cells near the injury site initiate the inflammatory response.
false
True or false. An individual who has suffered a stroke, which has caused damage in his cerebrum, and is now having problems with his hearing, has probably suffered damage to his occipital lobe
fasle
Cilia have the same structure as which of the following
flagella
The _____ is the region of the eye where photoreceptors are most highly concentrated
fovea
The _____ is the region of the eye where photoreceptors are most highly concentrated.
fovea
The place on the eye where we find the greatest visual acuity, and thus the place we "use" when we need to focus on details, is the ________.
fovea
Which part of the eye contains the densest concentration of cone cells?
fovea
The pointer is indicating the virus's _____.
genome
What is the best tool that humans have for exploring the tactile world?
hand
What is the best tool that humans have for exploring the tactile world?
hands
What is the scientific name for the study of touch?
haptics
Which of these cells is responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response?
memory cells
What type(s) of cell(s) can helper T cells become?
memory helper T cells and effector helper T cells
Amplifying the sound waves is the primary function of which part of the ear?
middle ear
Axons insulated by a(n) _____ are able to conduct impulses faster that those not so insulated
myelin sheath
Axons insulated by a(n) _____ are able to conduct impulses faster that those not so insulated.
myelin sheath
A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a
neurotransmitter
An impulse relayed along a myelinated axon "jumps" from _____ to _____.
node of ranvier to node of ranvier
How do nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones?
nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways; steroid hormones do not act via signal transduction pathways
The transmission of a nerve impulse first triggers the _____.
opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron
The role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of _____, which plays a role in the _____ immune response.
perforin ... cell-mediated
What is the sensory trick that occurs when the tendon of the biceps is vibrated, causing subjects to believe their forearm is getting longer?
pinocchio illusion
B cells that have been stimulated by interleukin-2 develop into _____.
plasma cells
Which of these cells produce and secrete antibodies?
plasma cells
From which part of the pituitary are the hypothalamic hormones (antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin) released?
posterior pituitary
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the electrical transmission of a nerve impulse?
presynaptic neuron, synapse, postsynaptic neuron
Which of the following enzymes cuts a single viral polypeptide into distinct structural proteins?
protease
Sonic hedgehog is an important what?
protein
Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a
provirus
What name is given to the opening that allows light into the interior of the eye?
pupil
When considering receptors for hormone molecules, we can say that, in general, ________.
receptors for lipid-soluble hormones are inside the cell, whereas receptors for lipid-insoluble hormones are on or in the cell membrane
The genetic material of HIV consists of _____.
single-stranded RNA
Sodium-potassium pumps
restore the distribution of ions inside and outside a neuron's membrane following an action potential
Sodium-potassium pumps
restore the distribution of ions inside and outside a neuron's membrane following an action potential.
What kind of virus is suspected of causing chronic fatigue syndrome
retrovirus
What name is given to the tough layer that forms the "white" of the eye?
sciera
What name is given to the tough layer that forms the "white" of the eye?
sclera
You touch a hot stove and your hand quickly jerks away. What is the path of the nerve impulses that are responsible for this reflex?
sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron
Which component of a reflex arc carries information to the central nervous system?
sensory neurons
In the propagation of an action potential, which voltage-regulated gates open first?
sodium gates
Which type of hormone is most likely to react with and activate a portion of a DNA molecule
steroid
The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the
synaptic cleft
In a resting nerve cell membrane (think axon), the electrical relationship between the fluid inside the membrane (inside the cell) and the fluid outside the membrane (extracellular fluid) is as follows: ________.
the interior is negative relative to the exterior
Steroid hormone-receptor complexes act in _____.
the nucleus
When discussing the origins of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, we can most correctly state that ________.
the parasympathetic nerves arise from the brain and part of the spinal cord, and all of the sympathetic nerves arise from the spinal cord
If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside,
the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.
When talking about the reconstruction of the HIV virus, we can say that ________.
the ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum are responsible for production of the viral envelope proteins
The role of the sodium-potassium pump in the story of the action potential is as follows:
the sodium-potassium pump functions in returning the membrane to its "normal" state after an action potential has been propagated
role of the sodium-potassium pump in the story of the action potential is as follows: ________.
the sodium-potassium pump functions in returning the membrane to its "normal" state after an action potential has been propagated
At rest, which of these plays a role in establishing the charge differential across a neuron's plasma membrane?
the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into the neuron
The pain associated with the inflammatory response is the direct result of ________.
the swelling of the tissue and the chemicals released from certain cells
When a neuron is at its resting potential
there are more potassium ions inside the neuron than outside.
Inflamed tissue turns red because ________.
there is an increased blood flow to the injured tissues due to dilation of arterioles in the injured area
When calcium ions enter the synaptic termina
they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.
The primary reason steroid hormones usually act slowly is that _____.
they turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted
What stage of relaxation did the vacationers reach?
third day syndrome
Viral DNA makes mRNA by the process of _____.
transcription
True or False. During bacterial conjugation, the recipient cell receives a single-stranded loop of DNA.
true
True or false. Sound waves that enter the human ear are transmitted in fluid only in the inner ear.
true
As an action potential moves along an axon, we could say that ________.
when the signal first reaches the axon, the sodium channels open and the sodium ions move down a concentration gradient
The target of the HIV virus is the ________.
white blood cell subset called helper T cells, also known as CD4+ T cells
Someone with an addiction to checking digital devices has likely affected his ____________.
working memory
