Chapter 9 Animal by-products

How is blood used as a pharmaceutical ingredient?

source of amino acids used in IV feeding of hospital patients. Fetal serum used in tissue culture, serum as a source of growth factors. Thrombin from blood used as a blood coagulant.

How are ovaries used as a pharmaceutical ingredient?

source of natural estrogens and progesterones

Billions of pounds of inedible products are rendered and reclaimed for a variety of uses each year. This helps lessen the impact of animal industries on what?

the environment.

Define Render:

the process of reducing, converting or melting down animal tissues by heating.

Without harvesting of edible by-products or, rendering of inedible by-products, what would happen to these products?

they may be sent to landfill.

Why must variety meats be harvested and processed as quickly as possible?

to prevent premature spoilage/rancidity

The foreshank is more often used for human food why?

Because it has a higher percentage of muscle (46%) and a lower percentage of tendon and bone than the rear shank.

Why is the hind foot usually not used for human food?

Because there is a high proportion of bone, little muscle, and tendons are exposed during slaughter to hang the carcass.

What are some examples of what liver products?

Braunschweiger, liver cheese, liver loaf, liver mush, liver paste, liver sausage, etc.

What are some rather uncommon edible by-products? (these are not variety meats)

- Blood - Oxtails (Slide 17) - Cheek and head trimmings - Esophagus (weasand) - Hyde and Gelatin (from pork skins, calf skins, bone). - Intestines used as casings and regenerated collagen casings made from beef hide corium (dermis)

How are adrenal glands used as a pharmaceutical ingredient?

Epinephrine: used to stimulate heart and as treatment for asthma.

How is the thyroid used as a pharmaceutical ingredient?

Source of thyroxin and calcitonin used to treat thyroid and bone disorders respectively

what is the TBA test and why is it important?

TBA (thiobarbirturic acid) test is done to see if meat is rancid

Define Inedible Rendering:

Taking what would otherwise be waste materials and make useful products: fuels, soaps, rubber, plastics, etc.

What is Tallow?

Tallow is the edible fat derived from beef fat.

What is a pelt?

The skin and accompanying wool for sheep

What are the 3 Sheep pelt classifications and what are they based on?

They are based on wool length 1. Shearlings (1-4; range 0.31-2.5" Whalength) 2. Fall Clips (2.5 - 3.75" length) 3. Wool Pelts (3.75"+ length)

What is a titer and how does it relate to animal fats?

Titer = temperature at which liquid fat solidifies Tallow = Titer above 104F (40C) Grease = Titer below 104F (40C) (Higher titer more desirable)

What are included in Edible By-Product Trimmings?

Trimmings include cheek meat, tongue trimmings, head meat, lips and snout (pork), which are used in sausage production.

True or False: If we were not going to use animal by products, over 21 metric tons of waste would be produced

True

Accumulation and decomposition of inedible parts would cause what in the areas where these items were being collected?

considerably undesirable conditions

Sources of by-products come from where?

harvesting facilities, processors, stores, restaurants, food distributors, contract service kitchens etc.

What is one common way sweetbreads are prepared?

it involves soaking in salt water, poaching in milk, and then removing the outer membrane.

If a fat is going to be edible, Where must it come from?

An edible carcass part

How is the brain used in cooking and what are some of the benefits of the meat?

- Brain, unless used immediately, should be precooked or frozen. - Precooking aids in removing the outer membrane and "sets" the soft tissue to make slicing easier. - It can be broiled, sautéed, braised or cooked in liquid.

what are the 3 steps of the Rendering Process for edible Animal Fats:

- Chopping - Heating - Centrifugal separation

What 2 ways are animal by-products classified?

- Edible - Inedible

How is the heart used in cooking and what are some of the benefits of the meat?

- Heart is less tender than the liver and requires long-term moist cooking. - It can be diced and added to stews or ground and added to other meat for additional flavor. - Heart is not only a good source of high-quality protein and high color value (high myoglobin). - It has a low to medium bind value and are average in collagen content.

How is the kidney used in cooking and what are some of the benefits of the meat?

- Kidney may be included as an ingredient in meat casseroles, stews, or pies. - Kidney can be wrapped in bacon and cooked on a skewer. - It is low in bind character and high in collagen content and color value.

How is the liver used in cooking and what are some of the benefits of the meat?

- Liver is often thinly sliced and cooked by a variety of techniques. - Liver may be ground and incorporated into many dishes, loaves, spreads, and sausages. - Liver is a food high in several vitamins, including Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Niacin & Iron

What does MIU stand for in fats? and what does a lower % MIU indicate?

- MIU = moisture, insolubles, unsaponificaiton - a lower % MIU indicates less "contamination"

What are some products that fatty aides are extracted out of fats to produce?

- Shaving cream - lubricants - candles - caulking compounds - cleaners, cosmetics, synthetic - rubber, water-repellents

How is the pancreas used as a pharmaceutical ingredient?

- Source of natural insulin for treatment of diabetes. Also source for tripsin used to liquefy and remove necrotic, abscessed or infected tissue. - Chymotripsin used to remove dead tissue and glucagon/somatostatin used to treat hypoglycemia

What are sweetbreads?

- Sweetbreads are obtained from two different organs and three different tissue. 1. Thymus (throat sweetbread) 2. Pancreas (heart or stomach sweetbread).

How is the tongue used in cooking and what are some of the benefits of the meat?

- Tongue can be brine cured by the long immersion cure method. - Tongue may be jellied by curing, water cooking, and grinding. - It is also used as an ingredient in luncheon meat. - It has a medium to low bind value, a high collagen content, and an average color value.

What kinds of soaps are made with fats?

- cold or semi-boiled soap - boiled soap

What kind of oils are made from fats?

- heavy lubricants - cutting oils - leather oils - illuminating oils

How are fats used as supplements in animal feed?

- high energy - reduce dust - improve palatability (texture/color) - increase pelleting efficiency - reduce machinery wear

What color in animal fats desirable?

- lightest and whitest color most desirable - yellow is least desirable

What are some animal food products produced from animal carcasses?

1. Blood Meal: - Coagulate blood with steam, remove liquid and dry coagulum - Used as rich source of protein in feeds (fish foods) 2. Bone Meal: - Cook bones with steam under high pressure to remove meat and fat - Grind cooked bone for Ca & P supplements to feeds 3. Feather Meal: - Cook feathers, dry and then grind dried product - High in protein, however, low in some amino acids. - Can be used in poultry feed in limited quantities 4. Poultry By-product Meal: - Rendered clean parts of carcass (exclusive of feathers). Used as protein supplement in poultry feed

What are the 10 Common Edible "Variety Meats"

1. Heart 2. Liver 3. Tongue 4. Kidney 5. Brain 6. Spleen 7. Chitterlings (pig intestines) 8. Tripe (beef rumen and reticulum) 9. Sweetbreads (calf thymus or pig pancreas) 10. Fries or mountain oysters (testicles)

What are the 4 classifications of hides?

1. Hide - large, from mature animals (30 to >60 lbs) 2. Kips - from immature animals 3. Skins - from smaller animals (calves) 4. Slunk-skin (unborn)

What are the 5 things done to Modern lard?

1. decolorized 2. deodorized 3. hydrogenated 4. antioxidant added 5. packaged to preserve qualities

What percentage of an animals live weight is made up of the animals hide?

4-11%

Define animal by-products.

Everything of economic value other than the carcass

What is done to the heart during/after slaughter?

Heart is sometimes slashed open for inspection and removal of clotted blood

How are pork jowls prepared?

Jowls are often cured & sliced like bacon.

What are the types of Edible Fat?

Lard & Tallow

What is Lard? and what are the most important sources of it?

Lard is the fat rendered from clean and sound edible tissue from swine. 1. Leaf (abdominal) fat 2. Fat trimmings 3. Fat backs (loin) and clear plates (shoulder)

What are some examples of Finished Products Made From Animal By-Products:

Leather shoes, Bags, Belt, Upholstery Paint brushes, Felting, Glue, Gelatin, Gloves, Blankets, Clothing, Carpets, Garments, Luggage, Sporting goods Etc.....

What parts of the carcass

Natural casings from large/small intestines, weasand, bladder, stomach, and rectum.

Define Edible Rendering:

Processing of animal fatty tissue into purified fats like lard or tallow

What kind of % is more desirable in fat FFA levels?

a lower %