Chapter 9 Biology
The following is a list of steps involved in the process of phagocytosis. Which of the following answers indicates these steps in the CORRECT order? 1. Lysosome fuses with the vesicle containing a foreign cell; 2. Wastes from the foreign cell are removed; 3. Foreign cell is surrounded by the cell membrane of the phagocyte; 4. Lysosomal enzymes break down the foreign cell; 5. Foreign cell is contained within a vesicle.
3, 5, 1, 4, 2
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
Anaphylactic shock
Which one type of cells are responsible for producing and releasing antibodies?
B lymphocytes
Histamine is released by neutrophils to induce an inflammation response when tissues become damaged.
FALSE
Lymph nodes filter the blood and remove bacteria and other invading microorganisms that may have entered the blood stream.
FALSE
Which of the following classes of antibodies activates the inflammatory response by causing the release of histamine?
IgE
All of the following are involved in the generation of an allergic response EXCEPT which one?
IgG
Which class of antibody is the first to respond to an active, new infection?
IgM
Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the spleen?
Red pulp of the spleen stores excess blood.
Which immune system cell must be presented with antigen by an antigen-presenting cell such as a macrophage, in order to become appropriately activated?
T lymphocyte
True or false? A pathogen may be virulent, but still not cause frequent serious infections.
TRUE
True or false? Fever is a natural part of our body s defenses against microorganisms, especially bacteria.
TRUE
Which one of the following is TRUE regarding lymph nodes?
They filter lymph fluid, trapping microorganisms and abnormal cells.
When comparing viruses and bacteria, which one of the following statements is CORRECT?
Viruses and bacteria both contain genetic material.
All of the following are involved in the inflammatory response EXCEPT
antibodies
Both viruses and prions __________.
are pathogenic
The actions and effectiveness of antibiotics depends on differences between bacterial and human cells, including that __________.
bacteria have a thick cell wall, while human cells do not
In which of the following choices is the cell correctly matched with its function?
basophil: secretes histamine
Which of the following is associated with the specific defenses of the body?
cell-mediated immunity
Which one of the following is characteristic of T lymphocytes but NOT B lymphocytes?
direct attack of antigen-bearing cells
Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by
having keratin in the uppermost layer
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins __________.
identify a body cell as self
The advantage of having memory cells in specific defenses is that
if exposed to an antigen a second time, they quickly become plasma cells
An example of our second line of defense against microorganisms is _____.
inflammation
The primary immune response is __________.
less effective than the secondary immune response
Which one of the following is/are located in the tonsils to filter out many of the microorganisms that enter the throat?
lymphocytes
Fever is caused when __________ release __________.
macrophages; pyrogens
The release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from
mast cells
Which one of the following would result in passive immunity?
movement of antibodies across the placenta from mother to child
Which of the following leukocytes kills its target cells, such as cancer cells or virus-infected cells, by releasing chemicals that break down the target cell membrane?
natural killer cells
Body defenses that respond to generalized tissue damage and many common pathogens are referred to as
nonspecific mechanisms
Characteristics of bacteria include all of the following, EXCEPT __________.
presence of membrane-bound organelles
Compared to active immunization, passive immunization __________.
provides immediate protection
Which one of the following diseases is caused by a virus?
rabies
Which of the following best describes Phase I of HIV infection?
swollen lymph nodes, chills, fever, body aches
Specific defense mechanisms differ from nonspecific defense mechanisms in that only specific mechanisms __________.
utilize B cells and T cells
Activation of a B cell leads to all of the following, EXCEPT __________.
destruction of cytokines
All of the following are ways in which a mild fever participates as part of the body's second line of defense and aids the body EXCEPT
enhancing the secretion of antibodies by plasma cells
Which of the following leukocytes is most likely to be directly involved in the destruction of flukes (a parasitic flatworm)?
eosinophils
Viral-infected human cells often send out special proteins that serve as an early warning system to uninfected cells. In response, the uninfected cells develop antiviral proteins that protect them. The early warning proteins sent out by viral-infected cells are
interferon
Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity
involves the administration of preformed antibodies
All of the following are routinely done to assure a successful organ transplant and minimize the chance of organ rejection EXCEPT which one?
irradiate the recipient to knock out his or her immune system prior to the transplant
The best way to reduce bacterial pathogens in the blood stream is to reduce a fever as quickly as possible.
FALSE
True or false? An allergic reaction is an indicator of disease.
FALSE
True or false? An inflammation can be started by the mere presence of a microorganism in the body.
FALSE
True or false? Most viruses infect specific tissues in a wide number of species.
FALSE
Which of the following antibodies would most likely be involved with the immune response against a microorganism entering the digestive or reproductive tract?
IgA
Which of the following is a benefit of resident bacteria?
Resident bacteria can out-compete harmful bacteria and lower the incidence of infection.
All of the following statements about the primary and secondary immune response are correct EXCEPT which one?
The antibody level produced in the secondary response is greater than that produced during the primary immune response.
Once a macrophage engulfs a bacterium, what happens to the foreign cell?
The bacterium is killed by digestive enzymes released from lysosomes.
Which one of the following is correct regarding the structure of an antibody?
The four polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule are linked by disulfide bonds.
All of the following represent physical and/or chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens EXCEPT which one?
antibodies
Antibiotics kill bacterial cells but do not (usually) damage human cells by taking advantage of the difference between human and bacterial cells. These differences include
bacterial cells have cell walls, human cells do not
Which one of the following enables T helper cells to stimulate and activate other cells of the immune response?
cytokines
