Chapter 9 - Cancer

tests to check for prostate cancer

- anal exam where prostate inserts finger in the anus - prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test where high levels indicate prostate enlargement

Lifestyle risks for cancer

- poor diet - physical inactivity - smoking - excessive alcohol intake - exposure to carcinogens

for female, the most common cancers are

1) breast, 2) lung, 3) colorectal

three stages of cancer development

1) initiation (damaging DNA), 2) promotion, 3) progression (metastasis)

for male, the most common cancers are

1) prostate, 2) lung, 3) colorectal

infectious agents account for __% of cancers worldwide

18

how many people do lung-related diseases kill

433,000

Risk factor for cancer - physical activities

Free radicals are contained by our cells' ability to antioxidant enzymes, catalases more exercise = more production of catalases/ antioxidant less exercise = more oxidative stress

risk factor - ultraviolet radiation

UV rays mutate the DNA and cause cells to divide uncontrollably skin trauma due to sun but significantly higher when due to in door tanning

patients with prostate cancer experience

a burning sensation during urination, frequent urge for urination, dripping, weakstream

mitosis

a method of replacement of dead cells; process of division of cells, where a parent cell creates two daughter cells

cancer is

abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth; cells divide excessively and indefinitely

Anti-oxidants and examples of antioxidants

anti-oxidants fix the problem of oxidative stress because antioxidants serve as electron donors and they minimize cellular damage by decreasing the number of formed free radicals examples include: vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E

examples of skin cancer

basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (nonfatal) malignant melanoma (fatal)

the prostate enlargement is termed

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Is cancer attributable to genetics or environment?

both

carcinogens

cancer causing agents known for directly damaging DNA

metastatic

cancer that has spread from its origin to other organs in the body

risk factor- tobacco

cigarettes contain like 1201902392 chemicals lol and like 200 of them are super harmful and have been identified as carcinogens (cause damage to DNA and and affect expression of the genes that regulate mitosis)

suppressor genes

downregulate cell division; code for proteins that prevent the cell from dividing;

what is the prostate

enhances motility of sperm, entire gland is the size of a chestnut, encircles the urethra prostate enlargement is common for older men, it starts off as noncancerous

risk factor for breast cancer include

family history, late menopause, early menarche, giving birth after 30, and hormone replacement therapy, and high fat diet high levels of estrogen also have a correlation with breast cancer

risk factor - fiber intake

fiber is a natural form of sugar (dietary fiber) soluble (oatmeal, cereals, nuts, flaxseeds, strawberries, apples, and oranges) and insoluble (whole wheat, dark leafy vegetables) slow the digestive and absorption process giving the liver ample time to process the absorbed nutrients (minimizes overflow to liver) this reduces the risk of colon cancer

charred meats increase production of carinogens called

heterocyclic amines

one theory of how high fat diet leads to increased risk of breast cancer

high fat increases amount of cholesterol in the body and the body uses aromatase to convert cholesterol to estrogen and estrogen promotes the small ducts in the breast to divide continuously

in patients with breast cancer, what oncogene protein is overproduced

human epidermal growth factor

Oncogenes code for a protein called

human epidermal growth factor is coded by this gene

What causes oncogenes and suppressor genes to become mutated?

it starts with DNA damage due to several factors (UV radiation, X-ray radiation, smoking, exposure to pollutants)

Asian women are (less/more) likely to develop breast cancer than American women are

less

In both males and females _____ is the leading cause of death

lung

oncogenes

major growth factors that upregulate cell division; protein products of genes; signal cell to divide

cancers linked to alcohol consumption

oral, esophageal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers have been linked to alcohol consumption as well as liver cancer even breast and colon cancer

cancer occurs when oncogenes are (overexpressed/ underexpressed), when suppressor genes are (overexpressed/ underexpressed) or both

overexpressed; underexpressed

risk factor of cancer - alcohol

poorly understood however is linked with several cancers may act as a carcinogen or increase the effect of other carcinogens

apoptosis

programmed cell death

free radicals

reactive oxygen species that are missing electrons so they steal and react with other oxygen molecules and steal the oxygen from them; they start a chain reaction and are called reactive oxygen species particularly deleterious when DNA becomes a free radical (as it contains oxygen)

lumpectomy

remove cancerous mass from breast

masectomy

remove the breast and entire connective tissue

fibers relatedness to cancer is still highly controversial

some claim that fiber bind to carcinogens tightly others claim that fiber don't have much association with decreasing risk of colon cancer

retinoblastoma protein is an example of

suppression protein

risk factor - fat intake

there is some correlation between fat intake and breast cancer also correlation between fat intake and prostate cancer still highly controversial

Risk factor for cancer - fruit and vegetable consumption

they contain many vitamins and phytochemicals that have been shown to be effective in decreasing risk of cancer

benign tumors

tumors (cells that uncontrollably grow to a large mass) that are not cancerous; they grow slowly and often resemble the cells of the organ they are growing in (they are identical to the tissue cells)

malignant tumors

tumors that are cancerous; change their shape and lose their function; they become irregular with various nucleus sizes

risk factor - infectious agents

viruses such as Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is linked to cervical cancer development also heliobacter pylori cause cancer of stomach

mammogram

x ray of breast