Chapter 9 Chem

Trichloromethane

(chloroform) is also a solvent and at one time was used as an anesthetic. It is now considered hazardous.

Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and ketones are two families of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl (C=O) functional group.

Toxicity of Alcohols

All alcohols are toxic. Methanol, for instance, is oxidized to formaldehyde by liver enzymes. Formaldehyde is a poison and can cause blindness or death. Even ethanol is toxic. The effects of drinking ethanol are due to its toxicity. Inebriety, alcoholism, and fetal alcohol syndrome are all due to the toxicity of ethanol.

Amides

Amides have nitrogen bonded to a carbonyl carbon. The amino acids of proteins are linked by amide linkages.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

Carbon compounds with both chlorine and fluorine are known as

Cis-trans isomerism

Certain alkenes (and some cyclic hydrocarbons) can exist as cis-trans isomers. Cis-trans isomerism is a form of geometric isomerism whereby isomers have the same molecular formula and same connectivity but differ in their spatial orientation.

Isomerism

Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. C4H10 if you can follow straight all the way through the molecule it's a straight train

Organic acids

Organic acids contain the carboxyl (COOH) functional group.

homologous series

The alkanes represent a ____________________________ that differs by the number of —CH2— groups. Members of a homologous series exhibit properties that vary in a regular and predictable manner.

Cyclic hydrocarbons

The names of cyclic hydrocarbons consist of the prefix cyclo- followed by the name of the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms.

Benzoic acid

When a carboxyl group is attached directly to a benzene ring, the compound is called benzoic acid.

Chlorinated Hydrocarbon

When chlorine is substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon, a chlorinated hydrocarbon is formed. Chlorinated hydrocarbons have many useful properties.

saturated hydrocarbons

alkanes

Alkaloids

are amines that occur naturally in plants, bacteria, fungi, and animals. Many have physiological effects. Morphine, caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine are alkaloids, and so are the bases pyrimidine and purine.

Phenols

are aromatic compounds with the hydroxyl group attached to the aromatic ring. The presence of the aromatic ring alters the properties of the hydroxyl group. Phenols do not act as alcohols but as acids. Phenols are effective antiseptics.

Functional Groups

are atoms or groups of atoms that are attached to, or part of, the hydrocarbon skeletons and give the compounds characteristic chemical and physical properties. Double and triple bonds, as well as halogen substituents, are examples of functional groups.

Ethers

are compounds with two alkyl groups bonded to the same oxygen. General formula: ROR or ROR CH3CH2OCH2CH3 is diethyl ether.

Amines

are derivatives of ammonia. When one or more hydrogens of ammonia are replaced by an alkyl group, an amine is the result. Like ammonia, amines tend to be basic and have similar odors. Smell bad usually

Esters

are formed by replacing the hydrogen of a carboxylic acid with the alkyl group of an alcohol or phenol. Esters generally have a pleasant odor.

Alkenes

are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-to-carbon double bond. Their general formula is CnH2n. Their names consist of a prefix denoting the number of carbon atoms, followed by the suffix -ene.

Alkynes

are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-to-carbon triple bond. Their general formula is CnH2n-2. Their names consist of a prefix denoting the number of carbon atoms, followed by the suffix -yne.

Alkanes

are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. Because all carbon-to-carbon bonds are single bonds, alkanes are often called saturated hydrocarbons. As many possible hyrdrogens The simplest hydrocarbon is methane (CH4). The general formula of alkanes is CnH2n+2. The names of alkanes consist of a prefix denoting the number of carbon atoms, followed by the suffix -ane.

Condensed structural formulas

are often used to represent organic compounds. In condensed structural formulas, C-to-H bond lines are omitted and the formulas are written in the following manner: Propane: CH3CH2CH3

Cyclic hydrocarbons

are ring compounds. The simplest cyclic hydrocarbon is cyclopropane.

Heterocyclic compounds

are rings that contain atoms other than carbon as part of the ring. Most organic heterocyclic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

Hydrocarbons

are the simplest organic compounds. As their name implies, they are composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen.

Aromatic hydrocarbons

contain a benzene ring or have properties similar to those of benzene.

Alcohols

contain the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. Examples include the following: Methanol CH3OH wood alcohol Ethanol CH3CH2OH Grain alcohol 1-Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH

Alkyl groups

groups are derived from the alkanes.

Benzene

is a unique organic compound in that it is a very stable six-carbon ring. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain a benzene ring or have properties similar to those of benzene.

Organic chemistry

is defined as the chemistry of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Of tens of millions of known chemical compounds, over 95% are compounds of carbon.

Ethylene

is the simplest alkene.

Ethyne (acetylene)

is the simplest alkyne.

Carbon

is unique in that carbon atoms can bond to each other to form long chains and rings.

Dichloromethane

is used as a solvent and paint remover. (two chlorines on the methane)

Ethanol

or ethyl alcohol, is also known as grain alcohol. It is the alcohol of alcoholic beverages. It is also an additive to automotive fuel and is being considered as a gasoline replacement.

Methanol

or methyl alcohol, is sometimes called wood alcohol. It is an important solvent, automotive fuel additive, and possible fuel replacement.