Chapter 9: Emotions

Emotional intelligence involves which of the following abilities? a) Maintaining long-term relationships b) Being clever when responding to others c) Being sensitive to the feelings of others d) Ignoring troubling emotions

Being sensitive to the feelings of others

True or False: "Emotions are things that people feel" is a satisfactory definition.

False

True or False: Abandoning the fallacy of approval means living a life of selfishness.

False

True or False: People afflicted by the fallacy of perfection often see themselves as victims of forces beyond their control.

False

Debilitative emotions can be distinguished from facilitative emotions by which features? a) Low intensity and brief duration b) High intensity and extended duration c) Low intensity and extended duration d) High intensity and brief duration

High intensity and extended duration

You recognize the differences between feeling in control and feeling mighty. What does researcher Lisa Feldman Barrett call this sensitivity to nuance? a) Higher emotional granularity b) Lower emotional granularity c) Higher power distance d) Lower power distance

Higher emotional granularity

Which of these statements actually expresses an emotion? a) I feel that you are not listening to me. b) I feel that we don't spend enough time together c) I feel unfulfilled in my current job d) I feel like going out for Thai food tonight

I feel unfulfilled in my current job

What is the third step in determining if your thoughts are based on mistaken thinking?

If the belief is irrational, consider an alternative way of thinking that is more sensible and that can leave you feeling better when faced with the same activating event in the future.

emotional labor

Managing and even suppressing emotions when it is both appropriate and necessary to do so.

pessimism bias

Often perceive threats in their relationships that are not apparent to outsiders, leading to relational dissatisfaction.

TRUE/FALSE: woman are faster than men at recognizing emotions from facial cues; are better at judging emotions from eye behavior; and more stimulated by emotional data and remember them better than men do.

True

True or False: Across cultures, emotion suppression has been shown to have negative effects on psychological well-being and life satisfaction.

True

True or False: Emotions that are primary in one culture may not be primary in another or even have an equivalent.

True

alexithymia (ah-lek-sah-THI-mee-ah)

a difficulty in identifying or talking about feelings, which can lead to relational challenges.

cognitive interpretation

a process whereby stimuli are placed into existing categories of meaning; reappraisal

When asked how she is feeling, instead of responding, "I feel terrible," Emily describes herself as vulnerable, anxious, and overwhelmed. Emily is exhibiting ___________. a) information overload b) a robust emotional vocabulary c) rumination d) negative self-talk

a robust emotional vocabulary

You consider a compliment when a trusted friend calls you an overachiever, but a criticism when a competitive co-worker labels you such. This illustrates how the same _________ can cause different emotions. a) activating event b) cognitive schema c) rationalization d) self-talk

activating event

Types of settings, individuals, and topics of conversations are examples of _____________. a) emotional labor b) rumination c) activating events d) emotional contagion

activating events

John Gottman identified two distinct parenting styles: emotion coaching and emotion _________. a) enhancing b) rewarding c) ruminating d) dismissing

dismissing

What does EQ measure? a) extroversion tendency b) emotional intelligence c) empathic ability d) Educational level

emotional intelligence

You work in a customer service for a company that has a high volume of dissatisfied consumers who often express their anger in hostile and combative ways. Consequently, you must often engage in ___________. a) emotional labor b) emotional contagion c) empathy d) disinhibition

emotional labor

_________ is the process of managing and sometimes suppressing emotions. a) emotional labor b) reappraisal c) self-talk d) emotional contagion

emotional labor

Reappraising an event takes place through a form of intrapersonal communication called ____________. a) rumination b) self-talk c) emotional labor d) facework

self-talk

What is the first step in determining if your thoughts are based on mistaken thinking?

Decide whether each belief you've recorded is rational or irrational.

Which types of statements are most effective when suggesting self-talk?

"You" statements; third person

parasocial relationships

"relationships" established with media characters and personalities

Which type of language helps you accept responsibility for your feelings? a) "I'' language b) ''We'' language c) ''You'' language d) Metacommunication

''I'' language

Maximizing facilitative emotions

- "Emotional agility" - Focus on what you gained rather than what you lost - Choose compassion over contempt - Ten emotions basic to positivity (joy, gratitude, serenity, interest, hope, pride, amusement, inspiration, awe, and love

Describe collectivism with culture

- (in-groups) Japan & India prize harmony among members of their in-group - discourage expression of any negative emotions that might upset relationships among people who belong to it. - (out-groups) more likely to hide emotions such as disliking

Describe individualism with culture

- (in-groups) United states & Canada feel comfortable revealing their feelings to people with whom they are close. - (out-groups) are quite frank about expressing negative emotions toward outsiders

Irrational Thinking and Debilitative Emotions: Fallacies

- The fallacy of perfection - The fallacy of approval - The fallacy of should - The fallacy of overgeneralization - The fallacy of causation - The fallacy of helplessness - The fallacy of catastrophic expectations

What are some examples of nonverbal behavior causing emotions?

- clutching your fists can help you feel stronger - walking with an upbeat strut can stave off depression

Minimizing debilitative emotions

- monitor your emotional reactions - note the activating event; be aware of triggers - record your self-talk - dispute your irrational beliefs; reappraise them - change your self-talk

Expressing Emotions Effectively

- recognize your feelings -choose the best language -share multiple feelings -recognize the difference between feeling and acting -accept responsibility for your feelings -choose the best time and place to express your feelings

What are a few ways you can express a feeling verbally?

- through single words - by describing what's happening to you metaphorically - by describing what you'd like to do

When your mom asks how you are feeling, instead of responding, "I feel awful," you describe your condition as "vulnerable, anxious, and overwhelmed." What does your response exhibit? a) Information overload b) A robust emotional vocabulary c) Rumination d) Negative self-talk

A robust emotional vocabulary

Who is more likely to ask, "Are you doing okay?" a) Men and women in gay or lesbian relationships b) A man in a gay relationship c) A woman in a heterosexual relationship d) A man in a heterosexual relationship

A woman in a heterosexual relationship

Your boyfriend's reluctance to talk about his feelings tends to create problems in your relationship. What do researchers of emotional expression call this condition? a) Rumination b) Emotional contagion c) Emotional labor d) Alexithyemia

Alexithyemia

Who is more likely to say "I love you" more often? a) An American man b) An American woman c) A Middle Eastern woman d) A Middle Eastern man

An American woman

When a good friend arrives an hour late to your birthday party, you feel several emotions, notably curiosity, relief, happiness, and anger. According to research, which of these are you most likely to express? a) Curiostiy b) Relief c) Happiness d) Anger

Anger

"Rude people make my blood boil" is a statement that conveys feelings in which of the following ways? a) By relating what's happening to you metaphorically b) By identifying what you'd like to do c) By noting your emotions in a single word d) By describing your physical condition

By relating what's happening to you metaphorically

"Never go to bed angry" is an old adage that is most relevant to which guideline for emotional expression? a) Recognize your feelings b) Accept responsibility for your feelings c) Choose the best time and place to express your emotions. d) Recognize the difference between feeling and acting

Choose the best time and place to express your emotions

What is the first step in minimizing self-defeating thinking? a) Monitor your emotional reactions b) Dispute your irrational beliefs c) Record your self-tlak d) Note the activating event.

Dispute your irrational beliefs

Reading other people's anxious posts on social media about COVID-19 leaves you feeling depressed due to which process? a) Emotional labor b) Emotional contagion c) Disinhibition d) Metacommunication

Emotional contagion

Debilitative emotions

Emotions of high intensity and long duration that prevent a person from functioning effectively. (ex. anger and fear)

Facilitative emotions

Emotions that contribute to effective functioning. (ex. joy and love)

What is the second step in determining if your thoughts are based on mistaken thinking?

Explain why the belief does or doesn't make sense.

After a heated argument with your romantic partner, what does research on emotions suggest you should do? a) Say nothing. More talk will only aggravate your partner b) Express your feelings through verbal communication that centers on specific circumstances c) Express your feelings through nonverbal communication. d) Do something unexpectedly nice for your partner. Actions speak louder than words.

Express your feelings through verbal communication that centers on specific circumstances.

Which fallacy involves going to incredible lengths to seek acceptance from others, even to the extent of sacrificing your own principles and happiness? a) Fallacy of approval b) Fallacy of should c) Fallacy of perfection d) Fallacy of catastrophic expectations

Fallacy of approval

Which fallacy is similar to Murphy's Law? a) Fallacy of approval b) Fallacy of should c) Fallacy of perfection d) Fallacy of catastrophic expectations

Fallacy of catastrophic expectations

You value harmony in your in-group and are also inclined to hide your emotions such as disliking. Which country are you most likely from? a) United States b) Canada c) India d) Spain

India

Which statement is TRUE about the fallacy of overgeneralization? a) It confuses is with should be b) It results from trying to obtain everyone's approval c) It bases a belief on a limited amount of evidence d) It minimizes shortcomings

It bases a belief on a limited amount of evidence

"How are you?" is a question you find both unimportant and difficult to answer. Your response to this query illustrates which communication orientation? a) Low affective b) High affective c) High context d) Low context

Low affective

Monitoring physiological changes, nonverbal behaviors are both ways of helping you with which first step of effective emotional expression? a) Share multiple feelings b) Recognize your feelings c) Choose the best language d) Recognize the difference between feeling and acting

Recognize your feelings

Monitoring thoughts and verbal messages are both ways of helping you with which first step for effective emotional expression? a) Choose the best language b) Recognize the difference between feeling and acting c) Share multiple feelings d) Recognize your feelings

Recognize your feelings

Rumination

Recurrent thoughts not demanded by the immediate environment that increase and emotion's duration.

reappraisal

Rethinking the meaning of emotionally charged events in ways that alter their emotional impact; superior to suppressing feelings: It often leads to lower stress and increased productivity

Your uncle continues to hold a grudge over events that occurred with your father when they were growing up. Which behavior might explain his lingering resentment that makes family reunions awkward? a) Hyperpersonal communication b) Emotional labor c) Emotional contagion d) Rumination

Rumination

When a friend tags you in a party photo on Facebook, you find the attention both flattering and worrisome as you told another friend you had to babysit all weekend. Which guideline for emotional expression is most relevant to this scenario? a) Share multiple feelings b) Recognize your feelings c) Choose the best language d) Recognize the difference between feeling and acting.

Share multiple feelings

__________ of emotions by husbands is a strong predictor of dissatisfaction and discord in the early years of heterosexual marriage. a) Management b) Exaggeration c) Suppression d) Expression

Suppression

Who is most likely to have developed a parasocial relationship? a) Eve, who has been dating her boss for several months b) Grant, who has finished college but still lives with his parents c) Amita, who broke up with Brian months ago, but has not been able to move on d) Terrell, a superfan of Modern Family, who cried when the series ended

Terrell, a superfan of Modern Family, who cried when the series ended

Fallacy of overgeneralization

The irrational belief in which (1) conclusions (usually negative) are based on limited evidence, or (2) communicators exaggerate their shortcomings.

Fallacy of perfection

The irrational belief that a worthwhile communicator should be able to handle every situation with complete confidence and skill

Fallacy of causation

The irrational belief that emotions are caused by others and not by the person who has them.

Fallacy of approval

The irrational belief that it is vital to win the approval of virtually every person with whom a communicator interacts

Fallacy of should

The irrational belief that people should behave in the most desirable way, based on the inability to distinguish between what is and what should be.

Fallacy of helplessness

The irrational belief that satisfaction in life is determined by forces beyond one's control.

Fallacy of catastrophic expectations

The irrational belief that the worst possible outcome will probably occur.

self-talk

The nonvocal, internal monologue that is our process of thinking

Rather than remaining silent, you explain that you're feeling stressed and overwhelmed. What do researchers call this practice of putting emotions into words? a) affect labeling b) metacommunication c) disinhibition d) code-switching

affect labeling

Eric dislikes discussing his feelings, and tends to suppress the expression of emotions. It's possible that Eric experiences ____________. a) rumination b) information overload c) emotional contagion d) alexithymia

alexithymia

What are the common typical human emotions?

anger, joy, fear, sadness, and disgust

Cognitive psychologists and therapists argue that it is not events that cause people to feel poorly but rather the ...

beliefs they hold about these events

Shifting your internal language from "I fear the worst" to "I'll hope for the best" is a therapeutic response to the fallacy of ____________. a) helplessness b) should c) overgeneralization d) catastrophic expectations

catastrophic expectations

"You make me so mad I could scream!" you declare to your partner during a heated argument. Your statement illustrates the fallacy of ____________ a) causation b) approval c) perfection d) overgeneralization

causation

Which type of language helps you accept responsibility for your feelings? a) causation b) catastrophic expectations c) approval d) overgeneralization

causation

Reappraisal is a type of ____________. a) cognitive interpretation b) nonverbal behavior c) verbal expression d) physiological change

cognitive interpretation

You have butterflies before giving a big speech. When you tell yourself they're a sign of your excitement rather than your fear or apprehension, you are employing which component of emotions? a) verbal expression b) nonverbal behavior c) physiological changes d) cognitive interpretation

cognitive interpretation

Increased heartbeat, blood pressure, and adrenaline secretions are all symptoms of fear. These can occur when couples engage in intense conflicts, a condition marriage researcher John Gottman calls __________. a) flooding b) problem orientation c) rumination d) circumscribing

flooding

What are the best ways to manage emotions?

healthy diet, regular exercise, and a good night's sleep

"It doesn't matter how hard I work. My boss expects too much from me and will never promote me. I should just accept it." This statement best illustrates the fallacy of ____________. a) causation b) should c) helplessness d) overgeneralization

helplessness

physiological components of fear

increased heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, adrenaline secretion, slowed digestion, and pupil dilation.

You are quick to express negative feelings about coworkers, displays of emotion that your Japanese colleague finds overly candid and demonstrative. These differences illustrate which cultural spectrum of behavior? a) individualism versus collectivism b) Power distance c) Uncertainty avoidance d) chronemics

individualism versus collectivism

Research shows that emotional __________ is positively linked with empathic listening abilities, psychological well-being, and leadership attributes. a) contagion b) intelligence c) divergence d) labor

intelligence

"Pleased" is a word that suggests a different degree of emotional ___________ than "thrilled". a) validity b) sincerity c) intensity d) complexity

intensity

To describe your emotional state as terrified, rather than anxious, uses a different degree of __________. a) specificity b) intensity c) sincerity d) validity

intensity

Which is a key characteristic of debilitative emotions? a) specificity b) intensity c) inaccurarcy d) complexity

intensity

fallacies

irrational thoughts

Emotional agility

is a skill set that builds on our ability to face our emotions, label them, understand them and then choose to move forward deliberately.

Most scholars consider ____________ a "basic" emotion. a) shame b) pity c) joy d) indignation

joy

Teaching children to recognize and ________ their emotions is foundational to building their emotional intelligence. a) label b) suppress c) reappraise d) interpret

label

Which external component of emotions is generally ambiguous and can easily be misread? a) verbal expression b) nonverbal behavior c_ physiological behavior d) cognitive interpretation

nonverbal behavior

Walking with an upbeat strut staves off your feelings of depression. What is the best explanation for this phenomenon? a) there's a connection between emotion and physical health b) if you keep a balanced "body budget', you'll experience less emotional stress c) emotions can cause nonverbal behaviors d) nonverbal behavior can cause emotions

nonverbal behavior can cause emotions

affectively oriented

people that are much more aware of their own emotional states

low affective orientation

people that are usually unaware of their emotions and tend to regard feelings as useless, unimportant information.

Whenever you're hungry, you're more prone to irritation or anger. Your tendency to get "hangry" is due to which component of emotions? a) verbal expression b) nonverbal behavior c) physiological changes d) cognitive interpretations

physiological changes

what are emotions?

physiological changes, nonverbal reactions, cognitive interpretations, verbal expression

Gratitude, serenity, and interest are 3 emotions critical to ____________. a) salience b) enlightenment c) positivity d) wisdom

positivity

affect labeling

putting emotions into words

Which method is based on the idea that changing feelings is the key to changing unproductive cognitive interpretations? a) relational transgression b) social exchange theory c) rational-emotive approach d) code-switching

rational-emotive approach

You are disappointed by a friend's lack of enthusiasm when you share news of your recent engagement. Later you learn that she was worried about a doctor's appointment, information that allows you to step back and engage in __________. a) the fallacy of approval b) emotional labor c) reappraisal d) rumination

reappraisal

What kind of emotional release can a good workout do?

release endorphins and clear the mind

Appropriate control of your emotions, also known as __________, is 1 of the 5 attributes of __________. a) empathy; metacommunication b) motivation; intersectionality c) self-awareness; empathy d) self-regulation; emotional intelligence

self- regulation; emotional intelligence

Despite in being commonplace to experience several emotions at the same time, we often communicate only one-feeling--usually, _______________. a) the most obvious one b) the most positive one c) the most negative one d) the most therapeutic one

the most negative one

emotional contagion

the process by which emotions are transferred from one person to another

Second characteristic of debilitative feelings :

their extended duration

What is the big difference between facilitative and debilitative emotions

their intensity

Rational-emotive approach

this method is based on the idea that the key to changing feelings is to change unproductive cognitive interpretations

specific emotion words represent...

varying degrees of intensity

In mainstream U.S. society, the unwritten rules of communication discourage the most __________ expression of most emotions. a) nonverbal b) verbal c) individualistic d) collectivistic

verbal