Chapter 9 Establishment of a new government.

Where did Anthony Wayne's forces defeat a band on Indians?

at Fallen Timbers in northwestern Ohio (what is today called "Toledo")

What brought about the first political parties in the U.S.?

Debates and widespread disagreement over Hamilton's plans (particularly The Assumption Act and idea of a national bank) became the basis of America's two-party political system. Hamilton's party was called the Federalist Party and Thomas Jefferson's party was named the Democrat-Republican Party.

What were the four departments of governement that Washington established?

Department of State Treasury Department Defense Department Justice Department

This French citizen hoped to gain American support for France.

Edmond Charles Genet

What Frenchman sought to alienate Washington from the American people?

Edmond Charles Genet. He came to Charleston, South Carolina, to set up a base for French land and sea operations against Spain and England. He tried to hire George Rogers Clark and other veterans to fight Spain in Spanish-owned Florida and Louisiana. He also outifitted American ships to attack Spanish and British shipping. When Washington refused Genet's requests to call Congress into special session to vote aid for France, Genet announced that he would go over Washington's authority and appeal to the American people. Washington asked France to recall Genet, but decided to let him stay in America when he learned the French governement planned to have him beheaded. Congress passed laws to prevent other foreign agents from causing such trouble. The end of Genet's affair also meant the end of Jefferson's career as Secretary of State.

A tax paid for the manufacture or sale of certain goods and services within a country.

Excise tax

Indians of Ohio came to a peace conference following this defeat.

Fallen Timbers. Following this defeat the Indians gave up their claim to about one-half of the state of Ohio in return for gifts and annual payments.

Name the Federalist and the Democratic-Republican candidates for president in the election of 1796.

Federalist Candidate = John Adams Democratic-Republican = Thomas Jefferson

This political party reflected Hamilton's views.

Federalist Party.

Adams appointed these judges at "the last minute".

"The Midnight Judges"

It what specific ways did the way Washington take office become precedents for other presidents to follow.

1) After repeating the 35 words required by the Constitution (the oath of office), Washington added the phrase "so help me God" because he realized he could not do his job without God's help. 2) Washington established a cabinet to help him with his responsibilities. 3) Washington traveled through the country as president and gave many Americans the opportunity to see him. 4) Washington served the U.S. as president for two four-year terms. No president served more than two terms until Franklin Roosevelt almost 150 years later. Seeing the wisdom of Washington's precedent, Congress passed the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution - it made the two-term tradition a law. 5) In using federal force to put down the Whiskey Rebellion, Washington let the public know that he would allow no disobedience of national laws. 6) With the Jay Treaty, Washington insisted that a treaty ratified by the Senate was law and had to be honored. Ever since, presidential treaties have been free of House influence.

Who was the head of each of the four departments of government that Washington established?

1) Department of State - Thomas Jefferson 2) Department of the Treasury - Alexander Hamilton 3) Defense Department - Henry Knox 4) Justice Department - Attorney General Edmund Randolph. Also, Samuel Osgood was appointed by Washington to be head of the Post Office. These department leaders became Washington's cabinet.

John Adams Accomplishments

1) He appointed John Marshall as new Chief Justice to the Supreme Court. John Marshall believed the national government's power could be made stronger through the courts. 2) Six days before Adams left office, Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801. Until this time the Supreme Court justices had been serving as circuit court judges too. This required them to move from place to place, as the cases demanded. This new act created 16 new circuit judgeships to aid in administration of the law. It also cut the number of court justices from six to five and allowed a number of justices of the peace to be appointed. Since John Adams signed the commissions that appointed 58 judges to full-time positions late the night before he left office, the judges have often been called "the midnight judges".

List the ways John Marshall strengthened the court system.

1) Marshall unified the court by having the justices hold private conferences and by having them issue one opinion to support their decision, usually called the majority opinion.

List three reasons Washington was solemn on his inauguartion day.

1) The U.S. had only four million people, seven hundered thousand of whom were slaves. 2) Other world goverenments were ruled by kings unfriendly to the U.S. and her new form of government. 3) The nation had no money it its treasury, and lacked a strong navy and army.

List the four parts of Alexander Hamilton's (Secretary of the Treasury) financial program.

1) The government would have to levy taxes to obtain the needed revenue to operate the government. To raise money a tariff of eight percent was levied on foreign imports. An excise tax was levied on whiskey. 2) The government would repay the money borrowed during the Revolution. The governement had to repay Americans who had purchased bonds to finance the war. The Funding Bill of 1790 passed which arranged for repaying the bonds at the printed value plus interest. The debt was paid. 3) Assumption Act of 1790 had the federal government take over responsibility of repaying the debts of the states. By repaying the states as well as the citizens, the federal government hoped for an increase in the states' loyalty to the federal government. 4) The federal government established a national bank in 1791 called the Bank of the United States, which held the tax money the government collected, and handled the the nation's financial transactions. The major share of the bank was owned by private citizens while the federal governement retained only a 20% interest.

This secretary of the treasury planned the nation's finances.

Alexander Hamilton

This war hero stopped Indian attacks in the Northwest Territory.

Anthony Wayne

Date and Place of George Washington's inauguration

April 30, 1789. Balcony of Federal Hall on the corner of Wall and Broad Streets in New York City.

John Adams' character and qualifications which made him an effective president

Before becoming president, John Adams was a lawyer and a diplomat. His service in the Continental Congresses won him the respect of other legislators. His 12 years as minister in France and England had won the U.S. respect overseas and had prepared John Adams to deal with foreign affairs. As the nation's first Vice-president he observed the problems of the new government which made it natural for him to serve as the 2nd President of the U.S. John Adams felt it was his God-given duty to serve others, regardless of personal cost. The government passed onto him from George Washington was safely kept and passed on to be continued to our day.

What led to fighting Indians on the Frontier

By the urging of the British, Indians attacked Americans in an attempt to block the movement to the lands of the Old Northwest. The government were unsuccessful to putting a stop to the Indian attacks. In 1794, Anthony Wayne and a well-trained force moved into what is now northwestern Ohio. They defeated a band of Indians and their allies at Fallen Timbers, near modern Toledo. Following the defeat, in 1795 the Indians came to a peace conference at Fort Greenville where they gave up their claim to about one-half of the state of Ohio in return for gifts and annual payments.

A group of advisors that help the President with his responsibilities and advise him on policies and problems of the government.

Cabinet

The president is advised by this group of presidential advisors.

Cabinet

The British forced American sailors to serve in their navy by this method.

Impressment

The seizing of American sailors and forcing them to serve the British

Impressment. The British were offended when their own sailors who had been subjected to bad food and harsh discipline, jumped ship in ports where American ships were docked. The sailors deserted to American ships for higher pay better treatment. Britian retaliated by seizing American sailors and forcing them to serve the British (impressment). These issues were factors that led to a war in 1812.

Ratification of the Bill of Rights

In the effort to ratify the Constitution, the Bill of Rights became an issue. Four states agreed to ratify it if the first Congress would give adoption of the Bill of Rights first priority. When the first Congress met, the bill left the House of Representatives with 16 amendments. When the Senate finished convening, there were 14 amendments left. A House-Senate Conference Committee agreed on 12 amendments. On September 25, 1789, Congress released them to the states. In December of 1791, ten amendments were ratified.

The formal ceremony that officially begins a president's term.

Inauguration

This formal ceremony begins a president's term.

Inauguration

Who was George Washington's unofficial administrative assistant?

James Madison

William Marbury tried to get his commission from this secretary of state.

James Madison

The name of the First Chief Justice.

John Jay

John Adams appointed this man to be chief justice of the Supreme Court

John Marshall

John Marshall used this type of review to declare a federal law unconstitutional.

Judicial Review

Under this act, Congress provided the mechanics of a working court system.

Judiciary Act of 1789

A bank that could hold the tax money that the government collected in one place, also the nation's financial transactions could be handled through the bank.

National bank

Some claimed that states had this right to declare a federal law to be void.

Nullification

Disillusioned with the French Revolution, America in 1793 took what official position toward European conflict?

On April, 22, 1793, Washington issued his "Neutrality Proclamation" urging Americans to be "impartial" toward all foreign foes and to cease actions that would involved the U.S. in foreign wars.

What things hindered the effectiveness of Adam's presidency?

On the day John Adams took office, the cheering for Washington was louder than that for him. On one of the biggest days of Adam's life, his inauguration day in Philadelphia, his wife, Abigail, was not there to share it as she feared public criticism. Adams kept the cabinet appointed by Washington. Although he did not know it, the cabinet was consulting with Alexander Hamilton before they made decisions that opposed John Adam's wishes. Criticisms from his political adversaries throughout his term of office caused Adams to lose the admiration of many Americans.

What two issues were settled by the Pinckney Treaty (aka The Treaty of San Lorenzo), and with what country was that treaty made?

Spain's intereference in America's frontier regions remained an issue. Westerners said that if governement did not help them with this problem, they would make their own treaty with Spain. Washington responded by sending Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina to Spain to negotiate the dispute. Pinckney successfully made a treaty with Spain in 1795. It gave the U.S. the right of deposit at New Orleans, and it made the thirty-first parallel of latitude the southern boundary of the U.S.

What was unusual about the outcome of the election of 1796?

The President (John Adams) and Vice-President (Thomas Jefferson) were from different parties, a situation that hindered the creation of a unified administration.

What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 provide?

The Supreme Court would have five associate justices and one chief justice. There would also be thirteen federal district courts, one per state, where most cases involving violation of federal laws could be tried. Three circuit courts were set up to hear cases sent up and appealed from the district courts and state supreme courts. Today's federal court system follows a similar pattern.

Explain the Whiskey Rebellion

The excise tax on whiskey led to a controversy. On the western frontier, corn was used as food for man and animals. It was also fermented to make whiskey. Some people used whiskey in place of money. Westerners resented the tax on whiskey. If he refused to pay the tax, he was arrested and had to go to a federal court miles away. In 1794 a marshal try to serve papers on a whiskey distiller who had not paid the tax. Angry farmers attacked the marshal, burned the home of a tax inspector, and tarred and feathered other officials. President Washington tried to get the state of Pennsylvania to handle the problem, but the state's governor refused. The president offered the rebels amnesty if they agreed to abide by the law, but his offer was ignored. The president then called about 13,000 militiamen out as a federal force to put down the Whiskey Rebellion to let the public know that he would not allow and disobedience of national laws.

This diplomat made a popular treaty with Spain.

Thomas Pinckney. The Pinckney Treaty, aka, The Treaty of San Lorenzo, gave the U.S. the right to deposit at New Orleans and made the 31st parrallel of latitude the southern boundary of the U.S.

The Jay Treaty

To avoid war, Washington appointed Chief Justice John Jay to head a peace mission to Britain. The U.S. agreed to limit trade with France, and to pay British citizens what Americans owed them. The British agreed to abandon their forts in the Northwest, pay the U.S. for ships seized, and open some ports in the British West Indies to American trade. The Jay Treaty did not really settle the issues of neutral rights at sea or of Indian attacks, but since there was no other option except war, the Senate ratified the treaty. The House of Representatives tried to block the treaty by voting down monies needed to carry it out. President Washington stepped in saying a treaty ratified by the Senate was already law and had to be honored. Ever since, presidential treaties have been free of House influence.

When he left office, in what three areas did Washington advise that caution should be exercised?

Washington warned against disputes that would divide both politicians and people into factions. He urged caution in making any permanent alliances with foreign countries. This warning helped lead the U.S. to a century-long policy of isolation. He encouraged maintaining the nation's credit and implied that America should stay out of debt.

Rule of 1756

When the U.S. opened up trade with the French West Indies and France, Britain invoked an old law called the Rule of 1756, which said that trade not open in peace could not be opened in war. Britain seized 250 U.S. ships with their cargoes and crews.