Chapter 9 (final)

Podophyllum aka

"American mayapple"

Cinchona is known as

"Fever bark tree" or "Quina-quina" meaning 'bark'

Digitalis aka

"Foxglove"

Digoxin

(heart attacks)

Podophyllum =

- A peculiar plant from the forests of Canada & eastern U.S. - Rhizomes and roots

Active principles in plants

- secondary plant products - alkaloids and glycosides

Sanskrit

-derived name is sarpagantha. - Rauwolfia

Ephedrine identified in

1887, and sold as a drug since the 1920s.

Plants have contributed to about

7,000 different medical compounds.

Taxus is a ___ plant native to

A conifer native of northwestern coastal regions of North America.

Aloe is native to

Africa

Atropa scientific name

Atropa belladonna (Atropa from the Greek god Atropos; = inflexible)

Chinese have known about Ephedra...

Chinese have known about it since 3000 B.C. for its traditional use on asthma, cold, and hay fever.

Artemesia annua

Chinese wormwood - used for treating fever since 168 B.C.

What enzyme is found in Papaya?

Chymopapain - a protein degrading enzyme

Marijuana contains

Contains terpenophenolic compounds known as cannabinoids.

Colchicum is a ___ with a

Herb with a fleshy corm.

Malaria =

Malaria: comes from 'mal air'

Salix native to

Native of Europe and western Central Asia

scientific name for Rauwolfia

Rauwolfia serpentine,

alkaloid found in Rauwolfia

Reserpine an alkaloid was extracted in 1952. Roots are used for treating hypertension and to reduce blood pressure, and administrated to patients with schizophrenia. But no longer used due to the side effects that lead to depression and tremors. But still in use for the treatment of mental illness (reserpine)

scientific name for salix =

Salix alba

('modern medicine')

Sample of Phytomedicine in allopathy ('modern medicine')

scientific name for Taxus

Taxus brevifolia

Digitalis is a rich source of

cardioactive and steroidal glycosides.

The National Cancer Institute

first discovered its anti-tumor properties in the 1960s. - in taxus

Dropsy is

is a condition characterized by bloating due to fluid accumulation, nausea, excessive sweating, and rapid heartbeat. Know today as congestive heart failure.

One in four of all the prescription drugs

is likely to contain ingredients derived from plants.

Aloe includes

latex

Podophyllum is traditionally used by

natives of N. America.

William Withering

studied its clinical use and used it to treat dropsy.

Sir Ronald Ross

suggested the mode of transmission was through mosquitoes. He received a Nobel Prize in 1902.

Jesuit missionaries tried to

tried the bark juice to treat malaria.

Aspirin

used in modern medicine

Rev. Edmund Stone

used willow for the treatment of fever and chills during the 18th century.

Countess of Cinchon

was one patient that survived malaria, hence the name Cinchona to the genus name.

Ephedra aka

"Ma-huang"

Colchicum aka

"Meadow saffron"

Taxus aka

"Pacific Yew"

Rauwolfia aka

"Snakeroot"

Catharanthus aka

"Vinca rosea"/ "Rosy Periwinkle"

Salix aka

"White willow"

The name aspirin derives:

"a-" from acetyl salicylic acid and "-spirin" from Spirea.

Warfarin

(heart problems, blood thinner)

Quinine

(use for treating malaria)

Taxol

(use in chemotherapy)

Vincristine

(use in chemotherapy, especially leukemia)

Atropine

(use in ophthalmology)

Due to their decongestant properties

, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are used for treating bronchitis, asthma, and allergy.

aspirin was discovered in

- Aspirin was discovered in 1898, by Felix Hoffman, a chemist in Bayer company. - Alternative acetyl salicylic acid from another plant source, Spirea, a member of the Rose family.

THC is a medically

- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a medically useful compound that was isolated in 1965. - THC was used as a pain reliever, to reduce pressure in the eyes of glaucoma patients, and as anti-nausea agent for chemotherapy patients. - Due to concerns about addictive properties, scientists are studying synthetic variants of THC.

Catharanthus is used for the treatment of

- Used for the treatment of childhood leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, breast cancer, sarcoma and many more.

Pure atropine is widely used in modern medicine:

- Used in optometric an ophthalmology for pupil dilation; - Cure asthma; - Irritable bowel syndrome; - Gastric ulcers; - Hay fever; - Whopping cough; - Reduce tremors in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Digitoxin

- a cardioactive glycoside (extracted from the seeds or leaves) used for heart failure. - For the treatment of heart disease

Coartem

- a new malaria drug. Side effects include headache, dizziness, loss of appetite, weakness, fever, chills, tiredness, muscle/joint pain, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, cough, and trouble sleeping, - from Cinchon plant

Chloroquine

- a synthetic drug that is less toxic, more effective, and have fewer side effects. - made from Cinchon plant

Aspirin's three classic properties:

- anti-inflammatory - antipyretic (fever reducing) - analgesic (pain relieving)

a chemical compound in salix called

- salicin, a glycoside, was first isolated in the 19th century. - Salicin was initially used for rheumatic fever, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis.

Aloe scientific name

Aloe vera

Catharanthus family name =

Apocynaceae

Rauwolfia family =

Apocynaceae

Papaya scientific name

Carica papaya

Catharanthus scientific name =

Catharanthus roseus,

Ephedra native to

China

scientific name for Cinchona

Cinchona succirubra,

medical uses of coca =

Cocaine has given us the blueprint for synthetic drugs used in anesthesia.

Colchicine =

Colchicine is extremely poisonous and causes burning of the mouth and throat, fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, and kidney failure.

Colchicum scientific name

Colchicum autumnale

Artemesia annua contains

Contains artemisinin, a terpene. (shows fewer side effects than the previous two drugs)

Podophyllum contains

Contains toxic compounds called podyphyllin, which in large doses it can cause death.

Atropa is a

Deadly nightshade plant related to tobacco, tomato, and white potato.

Digitalis scientific name

Digitalis purpurea

Rauwolfia was employed by

Employed by Hindu healers in India to treat the "moon disease" or lunacy and as an antidote for snakebites.

Ephedra scientific name =

Ephedra sinica

Colchicum is native to

Europe, N. Africa.

every part of Podophyllum is

Every part of the plant except the ripe fruits is poisonous and may result in salivation, diarrhea, headache, fever, coma, and other drastic symptoms that may vary depending on the ingested quantity.

folk uses for Salix

Folk uses. Treatment of insomnia and minor aches.

Rauwolfia native to

India

Symbolism of Atropa

Italian women used the leaf juice of belladonna ("beautiful lady") as eye drops to obtain dilated pupils that gave a dreamy, intoxicated look believed fashionable at that time.

_____ names the Cinchona plant

Linnaeus named the plant.

Catharanthus was marketed in

Marketed in 1957 under trade names.

Colchicum is a ___ plant

Monocot plant investigated for its potential use as an anti-cancer drug.

medical uses of opium:

Morphine - used as pain killer and anesthetic. Heroin (semi-synthetic) - as an analgesic and cough suppressant. in treating diarrhea.

What carries malaria?

Mosquitoes are the carriers.

Mormon tea

Native Americans prepared a beverage called Mormon tea, which was made form brewing the plants in water. - Ephedra

Catharanthus native to

Native of the Madagascar islands.

Atropa is native to

Native to Europe and central Asia

Digitalis native to

Native to Europe, Central Asia, and NW Africa.

Cinchona type of tree =

Perennial tree; native to the eastern slopes of the Andes mountains.

What cause malaria?

Plasmodium parasite cause malaria.

scientific name for Podophyllum

Podophyllum peltatum

alkaloid found in Cinchona

Quinine, alkaloid used in treating malaria but left many side effects.

Family name for Cinchona

Rubiaceae

what has been developed from Podophyllum

Semi synthetic drugs have been developed due to high toxicity and related side effects.

Malaria symptoms =

Symptoms: fever and chills, anemia, enlarged spleen. At extreme cases it leads to cerebral malaria characterized by convulsions, seizures, coma which can lead to death.

Taxol

Taxol - chemotherapeutic drug. Taken from the bark of taxus - Name taxol derives from the toxic properties that this plant has.

modern medicinal uses for Podophyllum

Today, medicine uses mayapple alkaloids as drugs to treat testicular tumors and combined with other agents, for breast and ovarian cancer.

Traditionally Catharanthus is used

Traditionally healers used this plant to treat diabetes.

Atropa has what alkaloids?

Tropane alkaloids

Colchicine is used for

Used for acute gout treatment in small doses. in cancer therapy. Induces polyploidy in plants.

taxus is used in treatment of

Used in the treatment of breast and ovarian cancers.

Papaya is used in treating

Used in treating back pain (from enzymes in the latex).

aloe is used in treating

Used in treating mouth ulcers, eczema, psoriasis, ringworm, poison ivy rashes, constipation.

____ and ____ are chemical compounds extracted from the Cathanthus leaves.

Vinblastine and vincristine

WHO =

World Health Organization (WHO): attempts to incorporate traditional medicine officially into the healthcare systems

Due to a high rate of serious side effects leading to death at times,

the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned products containing these alkaloids as over-the-counter medications in 2006.