Chapter 9 Gender

Which of the following statements is true about the selection of names for newborn children? A) Girls are more often given strong, hard names that end in consonants. B) Boys' names are given to girls only when they are feminized. C) A name that is for males may for a time be given to either sex, but then is demoted to girls. D) None of the above is true

C

___________________ are interested in how physical differences between men and women come to be symbols that result in different social rights and rewards. A) Conflict theorists B) Functionalists C) Interactionists D) Exchange theorists

C

"Patriarchy is the cause of women's oppression" is a tenet of which sociological theory? A) Structural-functionalist B) Conflict C) Symbolic interactionist D) Feminist

D

According to most sociologists, gender roles are: A) Socially constructed B) Created by human beings C) Designed to meet the needs of each society D) All of the above

D

Discriminatory practices that are no longer allowed but that continue to affect people today: A) De jure discrimination B) De malo discrimination C) Side-effect discrimination D) Past-in-present discrimination

D

Puja got a very short new haircut, so she wore a dress, big earrings, and lots of makeup so that she would still look feminine. Puja is: A) Naturalizing B) Socializing C) Doing sex D) Doing gender

D

The process by which people learn the cultural norms, attitudes, and behaviors appropriate to their gender is: A) Gender roles B) Sex roles C) Gender identity D) Gender socialization

D

The fact that the only female in a boardroom is almost always expected to make coffee, even if she is a high-level executive, is a form of institutionalized gender discrimination. A) True B) False

True

Women are considered a minority group. A) True B) False

True

Women's reduced power in micro-level settings is often related to their lack of power in meso-level organizations and institutions. A) True B) False

True

Which of the following statements is true? A) Homophobia is highly correlated with a belief in traditional gender roles. B) Homosexuality is a privileged status in society. C) Homophobia is a result of modernization. D) Homosexuality is a recent phenomenon.

A

Sara is looking at how sexism is maintained in Britain. Her data suggest that symbols of women as deferential, supplicating, sex-starved beings perpetuate the sexist structure in the isles. Sara is a ___________ theorist. A) structural-functional B) conflict C) symbolic interaction D) feminist

C

The term ________________ refers to "identification as someone who is challenging, questioning, or changing gender from that assigned at birth to a chosen gender." A) intersexed B) gender identity C) transgender D) transvestite

C

Thomas is a boy who was ridiculed for wearing a skirt to school one day. Which of the following did Thomas violate? A) Sexual expectations B) Gender identity C) Gender roles D) Sexual orientation

C

Which country has the lowest percentage of women in national politics? A) Denmark B) Norway C) The United States D) Rwanda

C

Which of the following aspects is not characteristic of the "ideal" American male? A) 6′2ʺ B) Strait white teeth C) Lightish brown if black or Hispanic D) Compassionate

C

Which of the following statements about rape is false? A) Rape can be influenced (increased or decreased) in frequency according to cultural norms. B) According to the U.S. Department of Justice, only 1 out of 10 rapes are reported. C) One in 20 college women in the United States will be raped or survive a rape. D) Redefining masculinity can reduce rapes.

C

Northern European countries are world leaders when it comes to gender equity in government. A) True B) False

True

Sociologists argue that gender identity is learned and created. A) True B) False

True

"Each sex plays a complimentary role to ensure the survival and efficiency of society" is a tenet of which sociological theory? A) Structural-functionalist B) Conflict C) Symbolic interactionist D) Feminist

A

Based on what has worked in Africa, how could the United States improve political representation among women? A) Encourage proportional representation B) Become a more patriarchal culture C) End all quota and affirmative action systems D) Discourage women from applying for lower-level offices

A

Discrimination that is done deliberately because of cultural images of women as inferior to or fundamentally different from men: A) De jure discrimination B) Side effect discrimination C) De facto discrimination D) Past-in-present discrimination

A

Irene has been working at Megacorp for 10 years. She has an impeccable record and has received wonderful reviews. Still, she cannot figure out why the men that started the job at the same time she did have been promoted several levels while she has only received one promotion. Irene may be experiencing: A) The glass ceiling B) The sticky floor C) The glass escalator D) Gender vertigo

A

Social forces that keep women from reaching the highest levels of corporate and public responsibility: A) Glass ceiling B) Sticky floor C) Glass escalator D) Sticky elevator

A

"By keeping women in traditional gender roles, men maintain control over institutions and resources." This statement most closely reflects: A) Symbolic interaction theory B) Conflict theory C) Structural-functional theory D) Rational choice theory

B

A biological term that refers to ascribed genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between men and women: A) Gender B) Sex C) Sexuality D) Sexual orientation

B

A clear example of gender socialization is: A) Taking children on a trip to Disneyworld B) Not allowing girls to play in the mud because girls are not supposed to get dirty C) Encouraging children to do math D) Reading a story to your son

B

About 1.7 percent of babies are born with "anomolies of sex chromosomes, internal procreative organs, and external genitalia in a variety of combinations" otherwise known as the: A) Transgendered B) Intersexed C) Transvestite D) Multi-sexed

B

Discrimination that is done deliberately because of cultural images of women as inferior to or fundamentally different from men: A) De jure discrimination B) De facto discrimination C) De malo discrimination D) None of the above

B

Leilani is struggling to get a promotion at her law firm, spend quality time with her husband, and ensure her children get enough attention from her. She is most likely being affected by: A) Xeno syndrome B) Superwoman image C) Beauty image D) Gender privilege

B

Social forces that keep the vast majority of the world's women stuck in low-paid jobs: A) Glass ceiling B) Sticky floor C) Glass escalator D) Sticky elevator

B

The socially constructed meanings associated with males and females are called: A) Sex B) Gender identity C) Gender roles D) Sexuality

B

Which of the following is an example of institutionalized discrimination? A) A man refusing to offer an older woman his seat on the bus B) Women are expected to changed their names when they marry and questioned if they do not C) Two women in Wisconsin were fired because their employer hated the fact that they were pregnant D) Sarah earning less money than Paul for doing the exact same job

B

Which of the following statements regarding language and sexual inequality is false? A) Women who use direct, unsoftened language are perceived as "bitchy." B) The terms spinster and bachelor are equivalent in terms of positive connotation. C) Women who "soften" their language are more accepted. D) Women who "soften" their language may be perceived as insecure.

B

Zari is a successful lawyer, but her career has begun to suffer and she was recently demoted because the school nurse, Melissa, always expects Zari to pick up her daughter from school when she is ill. Zari's boss expects her to never leave work, but Melissa refuses to call Zari's husband because "a sick girl needs her mama." Zari is experiencing: A) De jure discrimination B) Side-effect discrimination C) Past-in-present discrimination D) De malo discrimination

B

__________________focuses on social processes that define homosexuality as deviant and legitimize heterosexuality as the only normal lifestyle. A) Homophobia B) Heterosexism C) Heteronormativity D) Xenophobia

B

"Gender division of labor exists in modern societies because it is efficient and useful to have different-but-complementary male and female roles." This statement most closely reflects: A) Feminist theory B) Symbolic interaction theory C) Structural-functional theory D) Conflict theory

C

According to the text, teachers are most likely to reward girls for being: A) Competitive and good listeners B) Passive and erasing the board C) Obedient and passive D) Obedient and strategic thinkers

C

Which of the following statements about gender and the mass media is false? A) Video games that dehumanize women teach and perpetuate stereotypes about women. B) By the time they start school, average American children will have spent more time in front of a television than they will in classrooms in the coming 12 years of school. C) Women in soap operas and ads are often depicted as having problems in carrying out their role responsibilities. D) Women who are quite large are almost entirely depicted as positive role models.

D

Which of the following statements about gender roles is false? A) Gender roles are socially constructed. B) Gender roles are designed to meet the needs of each society. C) Gender roles are created by human beings. D) Gender roles are universal.

D

About 10 percent of babies are born with ambiguous genitalia. A) True B) False

False

According to the text, the nation with the highest percentage of women in the national parliament or congress is Denmark. A) True B) False

False

According to the text, women around the world make up 40 percent of the world's paid workforce and own 20 percent of the world's means of production. A) True B) False

False

According to the text, women's athletic programs and scholarship opportunities have now surpassed those of men. A) True B) False

False

As of 2007, fewer than 30 states had Defense of Marriage Acts or constitutional amendments prohibiting same-sex marriage. A) True B) False

False

Gender socialization is universal. A) True B) False

False

Media images have little to no impact on how we see ourselves. A) True B) False

False

Most rape cases are reported. A) True B) False

False

Only radical feminist theories argue for bringing about a new and equal ordering of gender relationships to eliminate the patriarchy and sexism of current gender-stratification systems. A) True B) False

False

Persons with ambiguous genitalia are known as bisexual. A) True B) False

False

Thao is a sociologist who is studying the way that female football players construct their gender identities. Thao is likely using conflict theory. A) True B) False

False

The Internet is a way of breaking down gender barriers as it is used in equal amounts and in equal ways by women and men. A) True B) False

False

Title XI legislated equality for women in the workplace. A) True B) False

False

Today, stereotypes for girls in a majority of societies label feminine behaviors as proactive, assertive, and competitive. A) True B) False

False

The examples of gender norms illustrate the men in rural, nomadic, preindustrial societies are more flamboyant and gentle than the females in their society. A) True B) False

True

According to the text, toys and games prepare children through anticipatory socialization for future gender roles. A) True B) False

True

As adults, the roles we play in various social institutions depend greatly on our sex and age. A) True B) False

True

Every workplace has a gendered configuration. A) True B) False

True

From a structural-functional perspective, each sex has a role to play in the interdependent groups and institutions of society. A) True B) False

True

Gender roles are the behaviors associated with a specific gender. A) True B) False

True

Gender socialization reinforces gender stereotypes. A) True B) False

True

How we experience our bodies individually and in relation to others is known as sexuality. A) True B) False

True

Images of models in magazines and on television can lead to the "beauty image" problem. A) True B) False

True

In a global context, the United States has few elected female leaders. A) True B) False

True

In the United States women are using the Internet to reinforce their private lives and men are using the Internet for engaging in the public sphere. A) True B) False

True

Many major religious groups have more modern branches in addition to their traditional, fundamentalist sects. A) True B) False

True

Many men receive privileges in society that they did not request and of which they may not even be aware. A) True B) False

True

Mary was fired for wearing skirts that are too short to conform to her office dress code. This is a form of institutionalized gender discrimination. A) True B) False

True

Mass media are major agents of socialization into gender roles. A) True B) False

True

Minority groups have a collective identity. A) True B) False

True