Chapter 9 Global Inequality

Traditional colonialism largely disappeared by when?

1980s

According to Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems analysis, which of the following statements about the relationship between core nations and noncore nations are true? Multiple choice question.

Core nations exploit the economies of noncore nations.

Some critics of modernization theory suggest that it increases the dominance of core countries and facilitates further _________ of developing countries.

Exploitation

Which of the following statements concerning multinational corporations are true?

Foreign sales account for an important part of the profit of multinational corporations. Much of the foreign commerce of the United States is carried out by multinational corporations.

Government money given to affluent people and to corporations often has what characteristic?

It coincides with the work of special interest groups.

Which of the following statements about the middle class in developing nations at the beginning of the 21st century are true?

Millions of people in such nations as China, India, Russia, and Brazil entered the middle class.

Identify a criticism of the modernization theory.

Modernization increases the dominance of core nations over developing countries.

As global poverty declined, income inequality ______.

Rose

Which of the following is true of the Millennium Project's objectives to reduce worldwide poverty?

The Millennium Project narrowly missed its target of halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger.

Which of the following statements accurately describe intergenerational mobility patterns among industrial countries?

The position of parents in stratification systems is transmitted to the next generation in similar ways. Mobility opportunities are influenced by labor market changes that affect entire occupational groups.

Which of the following statements about mobility in developing countries are true? (Choose every correct answer.)

There is usually a large wage difference between rural and urban areas. Urban industrial sectors cannot provide enough jobs for those wanting to work.

Which of the following are characteristic of modern societies? (Choose every correct answer.)

They are literate and have sophisticated media systems. They tend to be urbanized and industrialized.

What are two reasons why former colonies still experience economic exploitation?

They were unable to develop their own technology. They were unable to develop their own industry.

True or false: A coping mechanism some poor mothers use involves boiling stones in a pot of water to convince their children that a meal is being prepared.

True

Which of the following countries contributes the least amount of aid to foreign countries and multinational organizations based on a percentage of gross national income?

U.S.

In terms of dollars, which of the following countries delivers the most aid to foreign countries and multinational organizations?

United States

According to the United Nations, what two changes would greatly ameliorate poverty?

allowing overseas workers to transfer money to their families in their homeland at little cost

Cross-cultural studies of industrial and developing countries have found ______.

an increase in intergenerational mobility

Which of the following are reasons why multinationals tend to build factories in noncore countries?

cheap labor lack of strong trade unions

Which of the following are areas that were targeted by the United Nations' Millennium Project?

child mortality gender equality maternal health

The long reign of the British Empire over much of North America and parts of Africa and India is an example of ______ domination.

colonial

According to which sociological perspective does the term "modernization" suggest an ethnocentric bias and perpetuate the dominant ideology?

conflict

Which perspective is most associated with world systems analysis?

conflict

Which sociological perspective uses dependency theory to explain the exploitation of developing nations by industrialized nations?

conflict

Sociologists using a ______ perspective of modernization focus on how societies are moving closer together, despite traditional differences.

convergence

In the view of world systems analysts and dependency theorists, a growing share of the human and natural resources of developing countries is being redistributed to the ______.

core industrialized nations

Tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants that the government gives to corporations are known as what?

corporate welfare

Which of the following is a significant factor in the redistribution of human and natural resources from developing countries to industrialized nations?

debt

Which of the following are examples of ways used to cope with starvation in some poor areas of the world?

eating grasshoppers eating dirt to add minerals to the diet strapping stones to the stomach to lessen hunger pangs

Sociologists using a convergence perspective might look at which of the following indicators when studying modernization?

energy use degree of urbanization literacy birth control use

According to the conflict perspective of sociology, multinational corporations ______.

exploit local workers to maximize profit

The global poor are primarily concentrated in which types of areas?

fragile areas isolated areas

Modernization theory, which proposes that economic development will gradually improve the lives of people in developing countries, is based on which sociological perspective?

functionalist

Which sociological perspective considers multinational corporations to be a source of jobs and industry for developing countries?

functionalist perspective

The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas is known as ______.

globalization

Unlike past commercial organizations that conducted business throughout the world, present-day multinational corporations now ______ their goods all over the world.

manufacture

Which of the following fostered an increase in upward social mobility to the middle class in developing nations in the early 21st century?

microfinancing entrepreneurship

What term describes the process by which a periphery country moves from being less developed to more developed?

modernization

Which of the following is a multinational company most likely to do when faced with increasing labor demands?

move to a different country

Corporations that are headquartered in one country but make their products and do business throughout the world are known as ______ corporations.

multinational

After obtaining nationhood, many former colonies were unable to develop their own industry and technology, thus leading to continued dependence and foreign domination. What is this called?

neocolonialism

According to the world systems analysis, poor developing countries belong to the ______.

periphery of the world's economic system

The most socially significant type of mobility in large developing countries is movement out of ______.

poverty

According to the functionalist view, multinational corporations ______.

provide a boost to the economies of developing countries through the spread of innovations from core countries provide an optimum business environment by combining skilled technology and management with relatively cheap labor are well situated to utilize technology to cut costs in order to increase profits

Which of the following actions support the perspective that multinational corporations exploit local workers?

repression of political rights to organize repressive labor laws reduction of workers' rights and securities

In simple terms, colonialism can best be defined as ______.

rule by outsiders

In the world systems analysis developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, countries with marginal economic status belong to the ______.

semiperiphery of the world's economic system

Developing countries were kept in a subservient role owing to their reliance on more industrialized nations for ______.

technical expertise investment capital manufactured goods

It was the goal of which of the following to halve extreme poverty worldwide by 2015?

the Millennium Project

Which metric do many developing nations use to define poverty?

the smallest amount a person needs to earn to survive

Which of the following are functions of such international institutions as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund?

to encourage economic trade and development to ensure the smooth operation of international financial markets

According to Immanuel Wallerstein, the _____ describes the global economy as an interdependent system of economically and politically unequal nations.

world systems analysis

Match the approach to global inequality to the appropriate definition.

world systems analysis Unequal economic and political relationships maintain sharp divisions between nations. dependency theory Industrialized nations exploit developing nations through colonialism and multinational corporations. modernization theory Developing nations move away from traditional cultures and toward the cultures of industrialized nations.