Chapter 9 - Joints

ankle (talocrural) joint movements that may occur

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Symphysis cartilaginous joints Tissue Subtype

ends of the bones are covered by hyaline cartilage but the connecting tissue is a disc of fibrocartilage

Synchondrosis cartilaginous joints found...

epiphyseal plate

saddle (or sellar) joint example

example is joint between trapezium and base of the first metacarpal

pivot (or trochoid) joint example

example is joint formed by the atlas articulating with the dens of the axis, permitting turning of the head to indicate the word "no"

condyloid or ellipsoidal joint example

example is the wrist joint

Syndesmosis Fibrous Joints connects what?

examples: distal articulation between tibia and fibula and gomphosis (root of tooth) allows no movement -connected by periodontal ligament to alveolus of mandible or maxilla

Suture Fibrous Joint connects what?

exclusively between (most) neighboring skull bones (e.g., coronal suture)

plane (or planar) joint articulating surfaces are usually

flat or slightly curved

hinge (or ginglymus) joint movement:

flexion and extension (and sometimes hyperextension) may occur

elbow joint movements that may occur

flexion and extension of forearm

hip (coxal) joint movements that may occur

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation, medial rotation, circumduction

knee (tibiofemoral) joint movements that may occur

flexion, extension, slight medial rotation, lateral rotation

synovial (joint) cavity Mobility

freedom of movement ranges from practically immobile to highly mobile.

A freely mobile joint is classified as a

freely movable joint. These types of joints include all synovial joints of the body, which provide the majority of body movements.

Abduction vs adduction occur in what plane and using what joints?

frontal plane. shoulder, wrist, hip, metacarpalphalangel joints

Plane synovial joint Movement

gliding.

Syndesmosis Fibrous Joints is made of what type of tissue subtype?

has more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture

temporomandibular joint (TMJ) definition, i.e., description of the type of joint and the bones that form the joint

hinge and plane joint, freely movable condylar process of mandible mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of temporal bone

ankle (talocrural) joint definition, i.e., description of the type of joint and the bones that form the joint

hinge joint distal tibia and medial malleous with talus lateral malleous of fibula with talus

elbow joint definition, i.e., description of the type of joint and the bones that form the joint

hinge joint trochlea and capitulum of humerous, trochlear notch of ulna, head of radius

The effects of aging on joints are variable among individuals and are affected by genetic factors and wear and tear; the aging process usually results in:

i. decreased production of synovial fluid ii. thinning of articular cartilage iii. shortening of ligaments and a decrease in their flexibility iv. degenerative changes in the knees, elbows, hips and shoulders (as well as in the spine,

Joints formed by a solid mass of connective tissue between the neighboring bones are categorized into 2 subtypes:

i. fibrous joints ii. cartilaginous joints

The general kinds of motion that occur at synovial joints include:

i. gliding ii. angular movements iii. rotation movement iv. special movements

Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints

i. structure or shape of the articulating bones ii. strength and tension (tautness) of the joint ligaments iii. arrangement and tension of muscles around the joint iv. contact of neighboring soft parts v. effect of hormones (e.g., relaxin relaxes pelvic joints toward the end of pregnancy) vi. disuse of a joint

Based on the degree of movement permitted, the functional classification of joints categorizes joints into three major groups:

i. synarthrosis ii. amphiarthrosis iii. diarthrosis

Synchondrosis cartilaginous joints mobility?

immovable joint

synarthrosis

immovable joint

Suture Fibrous Joint mobility.

immovable to slightly movable

angular movements

in which there is a change in the angle between articulating bones

articular (joint) capsule two layers: b. inner _____ membrane which secretes lubricating (and shock absorbing) _____ _____ that fills the _____ ____

inner synovial membrane which secretes lubricating (and shock absorbing) synovial fluid that fills the synovial cavity

plane (or planar) joint examples:

intercarpal joints and the joint between a clavicle and a sternum

A fibrous joint

is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue.

Syndesmosis Fibrous Joints mobility.

joint permits limited or no movement

hinge (or ginglymus) joint examples:

knee joint, elbow joint, and ankle joint

knee (tibiofemoral) joint definition, i.e., description of the type of joint and the bones that form the joint

largest and most complex. modified hinge joint. uniaxial hinge movement with 3 joints in a single synovial cavity. Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joint L/M condyle of the femur, L/M condyle of the tibia, L/M meniscus intermediate patellofemoral joint

rotation of the limb so that the anterior surface moves away from the midline is

lateral (external) rotation

Gliding (Linear) movement

linear motion. back forth side side over one another. little angle change. carpal bones.

elevation vs depression

mandibles and shoulders do this

Movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body is called

medial (internal) rotation.

gliding

motion in which articulating surfaces slide across each other

rotation

movement in which a bone turns around its own longitudinal axis

Lateral Flexion

occurs in intervertebral joints. movement of trunk on frontal plane

articular (joint) capsule two layers: a. outer ____ membrane that may have ____

outer fibrous membrane that may have ligaments

Interosseous membrane Fibrous Joints Mobility

permits slight movement

A joint or articulation or arthrosis

point of contact • between neighboring bones • between bone and cartilage • between bone and teeth.

ankle (talocrural) joint anatomical components

retinacula (thickening of fascia) articular capsule Deltoid medial ligament - medial malleolus to talus lateral ligament

Are synovial joints vascularized?

rich blood and nerve supply

pivot (or trochoid) joint movement

rotation may occur

Flexion and extension and hyperextension are movements that take place within what plane? What joints?

sagittal plane. Cervical intervertebral (neck), shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee

Interosseous membrane Fibrous Joints is made of what type of tissue subtype?

sheet of dense irregular connective tissue binds long bones

amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

Symphysis cartilaginous joints mobility

slightly movable joint. Shock absorbing

Arthrology

study of joints;

kinesiology

study of motion of the body.

synovial (joint) cavity connects...

surrounded by a connective tissue capsule connecting two articulating bones;

a _____ is a childhood suture that is replaced by bone in the adult

synostosis

Joints that incorporate a lubricated cavity called a synovial cavity are called

synovial joints.

The functional classification of joints is determined by

the amount of mobility found between the adjacent bones.

synovial joint

the articulating surfaces of the bones are not directly connected, but instead come into contact with each other within a joint cavity that is filled with a lubricating fluid. Synovial joints allow for free movement between the bones and are the most common joints of the body.

cartilaginous joint

the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

condyloid or ellipsoidal joint movement

the four angular movements (and limited circumduction) may occur

ball-and-socket (or spheroid) joint example

the only examples are the shoulder and hip joints

Opposition vs reposition

thumb does this

hinge (or ginglymus) joint: ____ (or ____) joint at which ____ surface of one bone fits into _____ surface of another bone

uniaxial (or monaxial) joint at which convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another bone

pivot (or trochoid) joint ____ joint at which rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates within a _____ formed partly by another ___ and partly by a ____

uniaxial joint at which rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament

Lateral flexion

vertebral column

special movements

which occur only at certain joints

Bursae (plural)

Like a flat balloon with synovial fluid inside. They wrap around tendons to prevent friction.

Types of motion

Linear, angular or rotation.

Abduction

Movement of bone away from midline in frontal plane

adduction

Movement of bone toward midline in frontal plane

pronation vs supination

Movement of forearm that turns palms posteriorly (pronation) and anteriorly (supination) RADIOULNAR

Structure of the synovial joint:

1. articular capsule - dense/fibrous connective tissue 2. Articular cartilage - thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering articulating surfaces of the bones -prevent friction 3. Synovial fluid - inside articular cavity, lubrication, nourishment and cushioning - prevent friction as well. 4. Synovial membrane - inside of capsule - produces synovial fluid

Monaxial, biaxial and triaxial

Shoulder articulation is triaxial

____ characteristics of a specific joint affect the strength, magnitude of movement, and types of movement that may occur at a specific joint.

Structural

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

Suture, Syndesmosis, Interosseous membrane

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

Synchondrosis and Symphysis

Elevation/Depression

TMJ Superior movement and inferior movement of body part.

Suture Fibrous Joint is made of what type of tissue subtype?

Thin, dense irregular connective tissue § strongly connects bones

knee (tibiofemoral) joint anatomical components

3 bursa 2 meniscus ACL, PCL, articular capsule M/L patellar retinacula 5 other ligaments

Protraction/Retraction

Anterior Movement on Transverse Plane Posterior movement on transverse plane TMJ

shoulder (humeroscapular or glenohumeral) joint anatomical components

Articular Capsule Coracohumeral ligament - coracoid process of scapula to greater tubercle of humerous Glenohumoral ligaments - glenoid cavity to lesser tubercle and anatomical neck of humerous Transverse humeral ligament - greater tubercle to lesser tubercle of humerous Glenoid Labrum - fibrocartilage around glenoid cavity Bursae - 4 (scapular bursae, subdeltoid, subacromial, subcoracoid)

elbow joint anatomical components

Articular Capsule Ulnar Collateral ligament - medial epicondyle of humerous to coronoid process and olecranon of ulna Radial collateral ligament - lateral epicondyle of humerous to anular ligament of radius and radial notch of ulna anular ligament of the radius - circles head of radius in radial notch of ulna

temporomandibular joint (TMJ) anatomical components

Articular Disc Meniscus Articular capsule lateral ligament - tubercle of zygomatic process to neck of the mandable. covered by parathyroid gland. sphenomandibular ligament - spine of sphenoid to ramus of mandible stylomandibular ligament - styloid process to ramus of mandible

plane (or planar) joint -most are ____ joints since they permit side-to-side and backand- forth movements; some are ____ joints since they also permit rotation

Biaxial Triaxial

Cartilaginous Joints

Bones are tightly connected by cartilage; allow little or no movement.

Synchondrosis cartilaginous joints tissue subtype?

Catilaginous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage

Flexion

Decrease in angle between articulating bones in saggital plane

Eversion vs inversion

Eversion - Lateral movement of sole Inversion - medial movement of sole

Structural Classification of Joints

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints

Circumduction

Flexion abduction extension adduction rotation in succession or backwards. Distal end of body moves in circle (shoulder, hip)

shoulder (humeroscapular or glenohumeral) joint movements that may occur

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction adduction lateral rotation medial rotation circumduction

Fluid-filled sacs called ____ as well as tubelike ____ called ____ ____ ____ reduce friction at some joints during movements.

Fluid-filled sacs called bursae as well as tubelike bursae called tendon (synovial) sheaths reduce friction at some joints during movements.

Extension

Increase in angle between articulating bones in saggital plane

some synovial joints also contain:

a. articular fat pads b. accessory ligaments, including extracapsular ligaments and intracapsular ligaments c. articular discs or incomplete discs called menisci d. labrum

ball-and-socket (or spheroid) joint

a. triaxial (or multiaxial) joint at which ball-like surface of one bone rests against cuplike depression of another bone b. the four angular movements and rotation may occur

Angular movement

abduction/adduction; flexion/extension hyperextension; circumduction

Symphysis cartilaginous joints found

all symphyses occur in the midline of the body • pubic symphysis and the intervertebral joints

plantar flexion is

ankle extension - bending of foot in direction of plantar surface (sole)

Dorsiflexion is

ankle flexionn - foot in dorsum superior surface

an articular disc can serve to smooth the movements between the articulating bones

as seen at the temporomandibular joint. Some synovial joints also have a fat pad, which can serve as a cushion between the bones.

hip (coxal) joint definition, i.e., description of the type of joint and the bones that form the joint

ball and socket head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone

shoulder (humeroscapular or glenohumeral) joint definition, i.e., description of the type of joint and the bones that form the joint

ball and socket head of humerous and glenoid cavity of scapula

Interosseous membrane Fibrous Joints connects:

between the shafts of the radius and ulna and the shafts of the tibia and fibula

condyloid or ellipsoidal joint - ____ joint at which an ___-shaped ____ of one bone rests against an ____ _____ of another bone

biaxial joint at which an oval-shaped condyle of one bone rests against an elliptical cavity of another bone

saddle (or sellar) joint

biaxial joint at which articular surface of one bone is saddleshaped and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the "saddle" as a sitting rider would sit

temporomandibular joint (TMJ) movements that may occur

depression, elevation, protraction retraction, lateral displacement, slight rotation

Accessory structures of synovial joint:

1. Articular disc (complete divider) or meniscus (incomplete) -fibrocartilage. Articular cartilage is hyaline NOT ARTICULAR DISC! 2. Pads of fat - used to fill in spaces 3. ligaments - intra or extra-capsular 4. tendons 5. bursae 6. Sensory nerves and blood vessels