Chapter 9 Learning Curve

An effortless, immediate, and automatic thought or feeling is known as:

Intuition

"Sound it out," Mrs. Sands encourages her first-grade students when they struggle to read a word aloud. Mrs. Sands is introducing her students to the use of:

Phonemes

A lesion in _____ area of the brain would MOST likely result in a disruption of language comprehension and expression.

Wernicke's

After a skydiving accident, Laurie was unable to make sense of other people's speech. It is MOST likely that Laurie suffered brain damage to:

Wernicke's area

While studying chimpanzees, _____ observed that animals have the ability to display insight.

Wolfgang Köhler

A logical, methodical step-by-step procedure for solving a problem is called a(n) _____.

algorithm

The first stage of speech development is the _____ stage.

babbling

Which process or strategy is MOST closely related to confirmation bias?

belief perseverance

The ability to inhibit one language while using another language is known as the _____.

bilingual advantage

Köhler studied insight by observing:

chimpanzees obtaining bananas.

Pigeons can reliably discriminate pictures of cars from pictures of chairs. This BEST illustrates their capacity to develop:

concepts.

Because he mistakenly believes that older workers are not as motivated to work as hard as younger workers, a factory foreman is especially vigilant for signs of laziness among his senior employees. When he sees a younger employee slacking off, he usually assumes that the employee is taking a well-deserved break. His supervision strategy BEST illustrates _____.

confirmation bias

Jahmal cites his cousin Luana's many car accidents as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. He overlooks the fact that his wife and three daughters have had far fewer car accidents than he and his two sons. Jahmal's prejudicial conclusion about women's driving skills BEST illustrates the effects of:

confirmation bias.

Myra has such low self-esteem that she is often on the lookout for critical comments about her appearance and personality. Myra's behavior BEST illustrates the dangers of:

confirmation bias.

Those who learn sign language as teens never become as fluent as children exposed to sign language from birth. This reflects that childhood is a(n) _____ for mastering aspects of language.

critical period

Researchers studying chimpanzees in the wild report that they have found at least 39 customs that are specific to local chimpanzee groups. Differences in tool use, grooming, and courtship rituals can be accounted for by:

cultural diversity.

Prompt and clear feedback regarding one's performance on a psychology practice test is MOST likely to inhibit:

overconfidence.

The sentence, "The treth ef thes stetement shed be evedent" shows that consonant _____ usually carry more information than do those that represent vowels.

phonemes

Arnold had difficulty recognizing that bullfighting was a sport, because it failed to resemble his _____ of a sport.

prototype

People who make outstanding creative contributions to the arts or sciences are MOST likely to:

receive above-average scores on tests of divergent thinking.

In language development, _____ is the ability to comprehend speech, whereas _____ is the ability to produce words.

receptive language; productive language

Shelly can speak one-word sentences. Shelly is MOST likely about _____ months of age.

12

Worldwide, _____ million people live with disabling hearing loss.

360

The average person knows about _____ words by the time of his or her high school graduation.

60,000

More than _____ percent of deaf children are born to hearing parents.

90

Mary Ellen is a registered Republican. She believes that her positions on political issues are correct because she often finds similar viewpoints expressed in conservative media. Mary Ellen is demonstrating:

Confirmation bias

Making several minor household repairs, Alyssa uses a shoe as a hammer and a butter knife as a screwdriver. Which statement BEST characterizes Alyssa's problem solving?

She is not constrained by functional fixedness

Lori and Monica are looking at the cans of coffee on display at a local supermarket. They are trying to decide which of two different-sized cans is a better buy. Lori attempts to divide the price of each can by the number of ounces of coffee each contains. Monica suggests that the larger size is usually a better buy. Lori is using a(n) _____; Monica is using a(n) ______. .

algorithm ; heuristic

A(n) _____ is MOST likely the prototype for the concept "fruit."

apple

ccording to the principle of belief perseverance, when faced with evidence supporting one's point of view on a controversial issue, one would MOST likely:

assume it is correct

One major impediment to problem solving is _____, which is the inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

fixation

Presenting an issue in a specific way that affects judgment and decision making is known as _____.

framing

Tiffany is a young sales representative who is just starting out. After her first few months on the job, she notices that potential clients respond better when she tells them that the product is successful 99 percent of the time, instead of saying that the error rate is 1 percent. This is an example of _____.

framing

_____ refers to the system of rules of a language that enables people to communicate with and understand others speaking the same language.

grammar

Include a comma when beginning a sentence with an introductory phrase or a dependent clause. This is a rule of:

grammar.

Semantics plus syntax equals:

grammar.

Mental practice has been used to try to improve academic performance. Students who were asked to visualize themselves studying effectively had scores that were _____ students who were asked to visualize themselves seeing an A on the grade list.

higher than

Alex was an African gray parrot who could:

indicate which of two numbers was greater.

Instead of taking the time to rationally think about every decision that is faced on a daily basis, people often resort to:

intuition

Wernicke's area and Broca's area are both located in the:

left hemisphere

After a construction accident, James was left without the ability to comprehend and express language because of damage sustained in his:

left temporal lobe.

Several studies have indicated that the generic pronoun he tends to trigger images of:

males but not females for both children and adults.

The beginning of babies' receptive language development is BEST illustrated by their capacity to:

match another person's distinctive mouth movements with the appropriate sounds

Students will tend to study the same way for every class they are taking, especially when they have been successful. This is an example of a:

mental set

Prefixes such as un-, pre-, and re- are examples of _____.

morphemes

Prefixes such as un-, pre-, and re- are examples of:

morphemes

While on vacation in Mexico, James attempts to speak Spanish. However, he is finding it difficult to communicate with others. He is using Spanish terms, but he places words together according to the English language. James is having difficulty with _____.

syntax

In the last few months of 2001, many Americans believed flying was more dangerous than driving. This led to a major increase in traffic fatalities. This flaw in reasoning is known as:

the availability heuristic

At about 24 months of age, most children are beginning the _____ stage of speech development.

two-word