Chapter 9: Lifespan Development

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________. A. accommodation B. acquisition C. assimilation D. attainment

C. assimilation when they take in information that is comparable to what they already know

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

A. concrete operational In this stage, children can think logically about real (concrete) events; they have a firm grasp on the use of numbers and start to employ memory strategies.

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________. A. during early childhood B. during puberty C. in late adolescence D. in utero

A. during early childhood

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. autonomy vs. shame/guilt B. identity vs. confusion C. industry vs. inferiority D. trust vs. mistrust

C. industry vs. inferiority sense of pride and accomplishment in their schoolwork, sports, social activities, and family life, or they feel inferior and inadequate when they don't measure up. W

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. generativity vs. stagnation C. initiative vs. guilt D. intimacy vs. isolation

C. initiative vs. guilt they are capable of initiating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home. A. case studies B. experiments C. naturalistic observation D. surveys

C. naturalistic observation researchers maintain their distance and avoid interfering with the animal subjects so as not to influence their natural behaviors.

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. industry vs. inferiority C. initiative vs. guilt D. trust vs. mistrust

A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt autonomy (self-government) we might observe a budding sense of autonomy in a 2-year-old child who wants to choose her clothes and dress herself. Although her outfits might not be appropriate for the situation, her input in such basic decisions has an effect on her sense of independence. If denied the opportunity to act on her environment, she may begin to doubt her abilities, which could lead to low self-esteem and feelings of shame.

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this? A. avoidant B. disorganized C. resistant D. secure

A. avoidant Avoidant attatchment: the child is unresponsive to the parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if the parent leaves. The toddler reacts to the parent the same way she reacts to a stranger. When the parent does return, the child is slow to show a positive reaction. Ainsworth theorized that these children were most likely to have a caregiver who was insensitive and inattentive to their needs

In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan. A. case study B. experiment C. naturalistic observation D. secondary analysis

A. case study

Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify? A. conventional B. formal operational C. post-conventional D. pre-conventional

A. conventional (early adolescence) stage 1: driven by social behavior

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills. A. fine B. gross C. hand D. manipulative

A. fine fine motor skills focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions (e.g., grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon). Gross motor skills focus on large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements (e.g., balancing, running, and jumping).

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. generativity vs. stagnation B. integrity vs. despair C. intimacy vs. isolation D. trust vs. mistrust

A. generativity vs. stagnation • generativity(a concern for guiding the next generation) • stagnation (cease development) Generativity involves finding your life's work and contributing to the development of others, through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. Those who do not master this task may experience stagnation, having little connection with others and little interest in productivity and self-improvement

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________. A. cognitive developments B. developmental milestones C. naturalistic observations D. psychosexual stages

B. developmental milestones " Although children develop at slightly different rates, we can use these age-related averages as general guidelines to compare children with same-age peers to determine the approximate ages they should reach specific normative event called developmental milestones (e.g., crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty)"

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify? A. conservation B. egocentrism C. pretend play D. reversibility

B. egocentrism means that the child is not able to take the perspective of others. A child at this stage thinks that everyone sees, thinks, and feels just as they do.

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

B. formal operational Whereas children in the concrete operational stage are able to think logically only about concrete events, children in the formal operational stage can also deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations. Children in this stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills. A. fine B. gross C. moving D. physical

B. gross Gross motor skills focus on large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements (e.g., balancing, running, and jumping).

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. generativity vs. stagnation B. identity vs. confusion C. isolation vs. intimacy D. trust vs. mistrust

B. identity vs. confusion stage we are in now :) as teens figuring out what we want to be.

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? A. egocentrism B. object permanence C. reversibility D. stranger anxiety

B. object permanence refers to the understanding that physical things continue to exist, even if they are hidden from us. I

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? A. cognitive capacity B. environment and culture C. genes and biology D. language acquisition

C. genes and biology your nature, how you are. while nurture is how you were nurtured.

In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

C. preoperational the term operational refers to logical manipulation of information, so children at this stage are considered to be pre-operational In this stage, children can use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas, which is why children in this stage engage in pretend play. A child's arms might become airplane wings as he zooms around the room

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. generativity vs. stagnation B. identity vs. guilt C. initiative vs. guilt D. integrity vs. despair

D. integrity vs. despair people in late adulthood reflect on their lives and feel either a sense of satisfaction or a sense of failure. People who feel proud of their accomplishments feel a sense of integrity, and they can look back on their lives with few regrets.

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. Freudian D. permissive

D. permissive the kids run the show and anything goes. Permissive parents make few demands and rarely use punishment. They tend to be very nurturing and loving, and may play the role of friend rather than parent.

Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify? A. abstract thinking B. abstraction C. preoperational stage D. reversibility

D. reversibility which means that objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. identity vs. confusion C. industry vs. inferiority D. trust vs. mistrust

D. trust vs. mistrust (0-1): Trust (or mistrust) that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met