chapter 9

In Posner and Keele's prototype experiment, subjects were asked to examine a series of dot patterns. According to the prototype approach, what can we expect when participants see the seed patterns along with new patterns during the test phase? Question options: a) Respond more accurately to the seed patterns b) Indicate that the seed patterns have been shown earlier (i.e., the 'old' response) c) Respond more quickly to the seed patterns d) None of the above.

B

On an elementary school trip to the zoo, a child sees a penguin and a cardinal for the first time. According to the discussion regarding typicality effect, the child is more likely to call the ______ a bird. Question options: a) penguin b) cardinal

B

which term is most closely associated with semantic network? a) distributed processing b) cognitive economy c) prototype formation d) serial processing

B

According to the typicality effect, members that are high in typicality (e.g., apple) are judged as being a member of a group ___________ than members that are low in typicality (e.g., pomegranate). a) More rapidly b) More slowly c) Less accurately

a

How is cognitive economy demonstrated in the following example? The property ____is stored once at the ___ node. a) can fly; bird b) can fly; canary c) has feathers; ostrich d) bird; penguin

a

If you say that "Starbucks on the first floor of the Social Science building is my idea of a typical Starbucks," you are using the _____ approach to categorization. a) Exemplar b) Definitional c) Family resemblance d) Prototype

a

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below? a) turtles are turtles b) a turtle is an animal c) a turtle is related to a fish b) a turtle is an amphibian

b

According to the Youtube video showing a boy's categorization performance, we can tell that: a) the categorization ability is something we are born with b) the categorization ability is learned as we grow c) computers can easily categorize objects d) none of the above

b

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that people need _____ time to verify " a canary is a bird" is than the time to verify "an ostrich is a bird" a) more b) less

b

In the experiment of Meyer and Schvaneveldt (1971) where participants were asked to judge whether or not the given words in a pair are words or non-words, what kind of results can be expected according to the semantic network model? Question options: a) The response time is not affected by the relationship between the words in a given pair. b) Participants will be faster to identify words when the two words are semantically related.

b

Posner's dot pattern experiment was designed to demonstrate the ___________ in category-standard formation. a) Exemplar b) Prototype c) Definitional

b

The semantic network model (e.g., Collins and Quillians's Hierarchical model) predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information or answer a question should be determined by ______________. a) The amount of information contained in each concept. b) The distance that must be traveled through the network. c) The typicality of each concept. d) How many members a certain higher-level concept has.

b

the semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concepts should be determined by ______ a) the amount of information contained in each concept b) the distance that must be traveled through the network c) the typicality of the information contained in each concept d) the representativeness of the information contained in each concept

b

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience and is often used to name objects. a) Superordinate b) Prototypical c) Basic d) Subordinate

c

According to the class discussion, as a car sales person, if you ask your customer about their idea of SUV, they tend to think of ______. a) Definition on the dictionary b) Average of SUVs they had experienced c) Specific SUVs they have some experience with

c

Considering that the members of the dot pattern A and B in Posner's experiment were generated by moving seed patterns of A and B a little, the answer of the above question suggests that participants __________. a) Tend to recognize new patterns as old patterns. b) Remembered specific members of pattern A and B. c) Averaged dots of pattern A and B, respectively. d) Understood how the dots were generated.

c

During class, you saw an image of a store in Korea with a Korean sign "스타벅스커피." Even though you don't know Korean, you knew it was an image of a Starbucks store (not Burger King). Which of the following is a correct description of the cognitive process underlying such a categorization process? You categorized the store as Starbucks by _______________. a) Noticing the Starbucks-green used in the sign. b) Noticing the warm interior design. c) Comparing the current image to the standard image you have about Starbucks. d) Referring to the description of Starbucks you can find from the Web.

c

In the first phase of Posner's dot pattern experiment, participants learn the dot-pattern A and B based on the __________. In the second phase, when they see old (the same dot patterns from the first phase) and new dot patterns, they tend to recognize the seed pattern of A and B as _____. a) Category label presented along with dot patterns; old b) Category label presented along with dot patterns; new c) Feedback; old d) Feedback; new

c

In the semantic network approach, the cognitive economy refers to ____________. a) Faster response to a stimulus that is conceptually related to a preceding stimulus b) Back propagation c) Avoidance of repetitive assignment of category-specific characteristics to individual members of the category

c

One of the key properties of the _______ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network. Question options: a) spreading activation b) semantic network c) connectionist d) hierarchical

c

Which of the following represents the basic level item? (Make sure to read all the alternatives) a) Musical instrument b) Guitar c) Basic level is dependent on an individual's knowledge and experiences

c

the definitional approach to categorization a) is not well suited for geometrical objects but works well for familiar everyday objects b) sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have c) doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants d) was proposed to replace the prototype approach

c

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take the longest to verify which statement below (contrary to the actual response time of participants)? a) A canary is a canary. b) A pig is a pig. c) A pig is a mammal. d) A pig is an animal.

d

According to the YouTube video regarding IBM's Watson,___ a) watson can play chess b) watson can play the chinese game, Go c) watson can make a phone call to make an appointment d) watson can answer the questions in the Jeopardy show

d

If you hear "red", then, it primes ______, which is an example of _______. a) Pale red; typicality effect b) Vivid red; spreading activation c) Pale red; spreading activation d) Vivid red; typicality effect

d

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units. Question options: a) graceful degradation b) error verification c) spreading activation d) back propagation

d

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ________ in which feedback adjusts the weights. a) Graceful degradation b) Sentence verification c) Spreading activation d) Back propagation

d

One of the key properties of the _________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network as if neurons work. a) Semantic network b) Hierarchical c) Spreading activation d) Connectionist

d

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation of a category based on averaging category members encountered in the past? For example, you have the idea of Starbucks stores by averaging many Starbucks stores you have visited. a) Exemplar b) Semantic network c) Typicality d) Prototype

d