Chapter 9, Motivation and emotion
Which of the following is NOT an example of the Yerkes-Dodson law?
A student's high performance in the classroom is based on parents and teachers giving the correct form of praise.
extrinsic motivation
a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from the person
hunger pangs
stomach contractions, caused hunger and that the presence of food in the stomach would stop the contractions and appease the hunger drive.
The role of the ventromedial hypothalamus is to __________.
stop the eating response when glucose levels go up
Sensation seeker
a person who needs more arousal. they seem to need more complex and varied sensory experiences than other people. the need can be either high or low
Which of the following is not a factor that creates obesity?
a raised metabolism as people age
A person who is full but still takes another helping of food at dinner because it tastes so good is eating because __________.
taste of the food is the incentive for eating
homeostasis
tendency of the body to maintain a steady state. When there is a primary drive need, the body is in a state of imbalance. This stimulates behavior that brings the body back into balance, or homeostasis.
Many arousal theorists believe that a __________ level of arousal is optimal for most people under normal circumstances.
moderate
Which of the following is not true about a woman in the orgasm phase?
the muscle contractions of the vaginal wall trigger the release of the egg from the ovary
Self-actualization
the point that is seldom reached, at which people have satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential. For a person to achieve self-actualization, which is one of the highest level of growth needs, the primary, fundamental needs must first be fulfilled.
motivation
the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.
Melvin and his girlfriend Zakiya are having a friendly argument about their sexual practices. Zakiya insists that all people go through the sexual cycles identically. Which of the following should Melvin say if he wants to win the argument?
"Men have two different progressions of the sexual-response cycle, and women have three." In 1957, William Masters and Virginia Johnson conducted the first direct observational study on the physical aspects of the human sexual response by recording the physiological reactions of 700 female and male volunteers while they were engaged in sexual intercourse or masturbation. Their research led them to propose four stages of the sexual response cycle: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution, respectively. Men show a refractory period after the fourth phase during which time they cannot achieve erection. Women may go through all four stages (excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution). They may also experience multiple orgasms, or remain in plateau without experiencing orgasm. Women do not experience a refractory period.
Which of the following is an example of a social component of hunger?
a girl feels lonely so she eats an extra helping of dessert to cheer herself up
The United States has the highest rate of obesity in the world because __________ of its population is obese.
1/3
Anorexia nervosa is a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of __________ percent below expected body weight occurs.
15
As people age, what happens to the body's BMR and weight set point?
BMr decreases, weight set point increases
Why is it that there are two different curves to describe our optimum level of arousal on a curve illustrating the Yerkes-Dodson law?
Because our optimum level of arousal is mediated by the difficulty of the task being undertaken, with levels being higher on easy tasks and lower on difficult tasks.
Which of the following is an example of a situation in which a psychological factor may lead to sexual dysfunction?
Jennie was molested as a child and suffers from low self-esteem
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, how is performance related to arousal during difficult tasks?
Performance is best when arousal is low-moderate
Bulimia nervosa is a condition in which a person develops a cycle of binging on enormous amounts of food and then using inappropriate methods to avoid weight gain. What causes a person to binge when he or she is so worried about weight gain?
Prompts such as an anxious or depressed mood, social stressors, or intense hunger after extreme diet attempts
8 levels of hierarchy (some not included in pyramid)
Starting from above esteem and up -cognitive needs: to know, understand and explore -aesthetic needs: to appreciate symmetry, order, and beauty -Self-actualization needs: to find self fulfillment and realize one's potential - Transcendence needs (highest): find spiritual meaning beyond one's immediate self
The psychological tension that arises in an organism and motivates the organism to act to reduce the tension is called __________.
a drive
How do SDT needs relate to other theories?
These needs are common in several theories of personality; they relatedness need is, of course, similar to Maslow's belonging needs, and both autonomy and competence are important aspects of Erikson's theory of psychosocial personality development
need
a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism. When an organism has a need, it leads to a psychological tension as well as a physical arousal that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension.
Carol Dweck
according to motivation and personality psychologist, the need for achievement is closely linked to personality factors, including a person's view of how self (the beliefs a person holds about his or her own abilities and relationships with others) can affect the individuals perception of the success or failure of his or her actions.
Dweck focused his research mainly in the field of education
according to this research, people can form one of two belief systems about intelligence, which in turn affects their motivation to achieve. Those who believe intelligence is fixed and unchangeable often demonstrate an external locus of control when faced with difficulty, leading them to give up easily or avoid situations in which they might fail. They are prone to helplessness, the tendency to stop trying. Dweck's research suggest that students who have had a long history of successes may be at most risk for developing a learned helplessness after a big failure because their past successes have led them to believe in their own fixed intelligence.
People driven by the need for ___________have a strong desire to attain both realistic goals, and very challenging ones.
achievement
Xavier has a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. He currently has a medical degree and is in the process of earning a law degree. Xavier has a need for __________.
achievement
People who seek careers and hobbies that allow others to evaluate them because they like the feedback on their performance are high in the need for __________.
achievement Individuals high in need for achievement like to compete and have an intrinsic belief in their abilities. Need for achievement is correlated with academic and occupational success, but not necessarily with an increase in wealth.
Chris is in his twenties and has completed college; he has satisfied his curiosity about other cultures with a trip around the world when he graduated. According to Maslow's hierarchy, which needs might he work to satisfy next?
aesthetic needs
Which of the following is an example of a sociocultural factor of sexual dysfunction?
an Indian wife views sex as a duty of married couples but also a joy to be celebrated within the context of bearing children, upon which her status depends greatly
Annie controls what she eats very carefully, and has reduced her intake so that she could lose weight. Her body weight has decreased by 15 percent below her expected body weight. She cooks elaborate meals for friends but doesn't eat any of it herself, and she believes she is fat. She exercises for at least 2 hours every day. Annie is likely suffering from __________.
anorexia-nervosa
The approach to understanding motivation that is based solely on the belief in the need for stimulation is the __________ approach.
arousal
The rate at which the body burns energy while resting is the __________.
basal metabolic rate
incentive approaches
behavior is explained in terms of the external stimulus and its rewarding properties.
Expectancy value theories assume that the actions of humans cannot be predicted without an understanding of people's __________.
beliefs and values The expectancy-value theory of motivation argues that motivation is a function of an individual's perceived success level and the value of the goal. Individuals adjust their actions, based on what has happened in the past and cognitive expectancy that they develop.
instincts
biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior. Evolutionary theorists proposed that human beings may also be governed by similar instincts. For instance, according to these theorists, the human instinct to reproduce is responsible for sexual behavior.
obesity
body weight 20% or more over ideal (based on height), significantly impacted by genetics, overeating, exercise, and changes in metabolism
Severe tooth decay, erosion of the esophagus, potassium, calcium and sodium imbalances, damage to the intestinal tract, heart problems, fatigue, and seizures are all severe consequences of __________.
bulimia nervosa
emotion
can be defined as the "feeling" aspect of consciousness, characterized by three elements: a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the feeling to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feeling.
Even if Lily eats a late breakfast, she still "feels" hungry at noon. This is an example of __________.
classical conditioning
arousal levels
if the arousal level is too high, such as severe test anxiety, or even if the level of arousal is too low, such as boredom, task may suffer.
__________ is the psychological tension and physical arousal created when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension.
drive Departures from optimal states create drives. Primary drives, such as hunger and thirst, preserve homeostasis. Secondary or acquired drives, such as sex or social drives, initiate other activities. A drive to preserve safety motivates feelings of fear, anger, and even the need for sleep. Sexual drives and drives to protect offspring motivate sexual and family relationships. Social drives make people want to cooperate, and educative drives inspire curiosity and play, as well as the pursuit of art and literature.
According to research, when did most gay or bisexual students first become aware of their sexual orientation?
during high school
Arousal effect appears to be modified by the difficulty level of the task
easy tasks demand a somewhat "high moderate" level for optimal performance, whereas difficult tasks require a "low-moderate" level.
A woman's clitoris swells, the lips of the vagina open, and the inside of the vagina is moistened. This woman is in the __________ phase of the sexual-response cycle.
excitement According to Masters and Johnson, the four stages of the sexual response cycle are excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Orgasm is the third phase and the climax of the sexual response cycle. Resolution if the fourth phase of the sexual response cycle. During this stage, the body returns to normal functioning. Plateau is the second phase of the sexual response cycle. During this stage, the changes begun in phase 1 are intensified. During the first phase in the sexual response cycle, excitement, a woman's breasts become fuller and vaginal lubrication begins.
Yerkes-Dodson law
explains the relationship between task performance and arousal has been explained.
Being motivated to achieve a goal based on a consequence outside of our self is an example of __________.
extrinsic motivation
Which of the following instincts is responsible for our reaction to run away if we sense danger?
flight
Psychologist Teresa Amabile
found that children's creativity was affected by the kind of motivation for which they worked. Extrinsic motivation decreased the degree of creativity shown in an experimental group's artwork when compared to the creativity levels of the children in an intrinsically motivated group
What did Alfred Kinsey believe about sexual orientation?
he believed that sexual orientation falls on a continuum with some people falling at either extreme and some falling in the middle
Luke goes for a three-mile run, causing him to sweat and become thirsty. In response to this need, Luke drinks a bottle of water. When he drinks, he restores his body's __________.
homeostasis
insulin and glucagon
hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the whole body, including glucose (blood sugar). Insulin reduces the level of glucose in the bloodstream which also results in increased hunger.
Drive-reduction theory proposes that __________.
humans seek homeostasis, motivating them to achieve balance when a need arises
Richard ryan and edward deci (SDT, self-determination theory)
in this theory, there are three inborn and universal needs that help people gain a complete sense of self and whole, healthy relationships with others. the 3 needs are autonomy, or the need to be in control of one's own behavior and goals. competence, or the need to to able to master the challenging tasks of one's life. relatedness, or the need to feel a sense of belonging, intimacy, and security in relationships with others.
After dinner, Mitchell feels full and satisfied. A few minutes later, he gets up off the couch, heads to the kitchen and grabs a candy bar. His anticipation of the delicious taste of chocolate was his __________ for choosing to eat even though he was full.
incentive Incentives—positive or negative stimuli in the environment—motivate us to act. You may eat because you feel hungry, but you might also eat because you like the taste of the food, in this case chocolate.
Work on expectancy-values and how our beliefs and values affect our actions was developed under the __________ approach to understanding motivation.
incentive Incentive models consider an individual's value of the goal and the perceived level of success as affecting motivation.
The motivation approach in which behavior is explained in terms of the external stimulus and its rewarding properties is the __________.
incentive approach
The biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals are called __________.
instincts
Which hormone secreted by the pancreas signals hunger by lowering blood sugar levels?
insulin
What hormone do low-carbohydrate diets try to control to prevent hunger cravings that commonly occur after consuming highly refined carbohydrates?
insulin When glucose levels drop, we feel hungry. If glucose levels rise, the hormone insulin reduces them by telling the body to convert glucose to fat. As the body monitors these chemical levels, it sends messages to the brain about whether to eat or not.
Which of the following is a physiological factor in causing hunger?
insulin is released, causing blood glucose levels to drop
__________ is a type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal matter.
intrinsic motivation An example of an intrinsic motivation would be reading a book just to learn new information, rather than reading to earn a grade (extrinsic motivation).
moderate level of arousal
is best
Dweck's concept
it is related to the much olfer notion of locus of control, in which people who assume that they have control over what happens in their lives are considered to be internal in locus of control, and those who feel that their lives are controlled by powerful other, luck, or fate are considered to be external in locus of control
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, before a person is ready to worry about his or her self-esteem needs, which needs must be met first?
love and belongingness needs
Which of the following is a theory developed out of the humanistic approach to understanding motivation?
maslow's hierarchy of needs
A(n) __________ is a requirement of some material, such as food or water, that is essential for survival of the organism.
need A need can be biological, such as food or drink, or it can be psychological, such as a need for achievement. According to the drive-reduction theory, when an organism has a need, it creates a drive to motivate the organism to fulfill it.
The condition in which the body weight of a person is 20-30 percent over the ideal body weight for that person's height is known as __________.
obesity
stimulus motive
one that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation
arousal theory
optimal (best or ideal) level of tension
Insulin and glucagon are hormones secreted by the __________ to control the levels of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in the whole body.
pancreas
Need for affiliation (nAff)
people high in this need seek to be liked by others and to be held in high regard by those around them.
Allen has low self-esteem and has a lot of anxiety about his ability to perform the sex act well. His sexual dysfunction probably stems from __________.
physchological factors
Need for power (nPow)
power is not about reaching a goal but about having control over other people. People high in this need would want to have a high influence over others and make an impact on them.
David McClelland
proposed a theory of motivation that highlights the importance of three psychological needs not typically considered by the other theories: affiliation, power, and achievement. According to McClelland, human beings have a psychological need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others.
William Mcdougall
proposed a total of 18 instincts for humans, including curiosity, flight (running away), pugnacity (agressiveness), and acquisition (gathering posessions)
Abraham Maslow (self determination thoery)
proposed that there are several levels of needs that a person must strive to meet before achieving the highest level of personality fulfillment.
Drive-reduction theory
proposes the connection between internal physiological states and outward behavior. In this theory, there are two kinds of drives.
Central idea in the study of human behavior
research on the genetics of both cognitive and behavioral traits suggest that hereditary factors can account for more than 50 percent of variance in some aspects of human cognition, temperament, and personality; and much of the variance in some aspects of human cognition, temperament, and personality; and much of this variance is due to the influence of multiple genes or hereditary factors, not just one.
The term heterosexual refers to a person's __________.
sexual orientation
Claire is intrinsically motivated to play tennis. Why does she play?
she enjoys the exercise and the game because playing is enjoyable and rewarding to her
Social influences on hunger can have a powerful effect. Which of the following is a social influence that may affect our eating habits?
size of the plate
A gymnast can complete a trick on the balance beam consistently without falling in practice. However, during competition the gymnast becomes nervous, causing her to bobble and fall. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the problem?
the gymnast's arousal level is too high
The theory of motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action is known as __________.
the self-determination theory According to this theory, there are three needs that help a person develop a sense of self and secure relationships with others: autonomy, competence, and relatedness.Meeting these needs leads to an increase in behavior that is intrinsically motivated. The need of autonomy refers to an individual's need to be in control of his or her actions, the need for competence refers to perception of mastery of goals, and relatedness refers to a sense of belonging.
Which of the following does not play a role in determining the body's weight set point?
the size of the stomach The weight set point is the level of weight that the body tries to maintain. Some researchers believe that the hypothalamus affects the weight set point. Injury to the hypothalamus does raise or lower the weight set point dramatically, causing either drastic weight loss or weight gain. The basal metabolic rate (the amount of energy your body expends at rest), metabolism (the speed at which the body burns available energy), and exercise all play a part in the weight set point.
drive
the tension felt by the need
intrinsic motivation
the type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is fun, rewarding, challenging or satisfying in some internal manner.
hypothalamus
the ventromedial area, may be involved in stopping eating when glucose level goes up; lateral hypothalamus appears to influence onset of eating when insulin level goes up. a person's weight set point and basal metabolic rate are tied to hypothalamus, and the hormone leptin appears to affect appetite.
Drive reduction theorists believe that believe that __________.
there is a connection between internal physiological states and outward behavior
Incentives
things that attract or lure people into action
acquired (secondary) drives
those that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or special approval
Primary drives
those that involve survival needs of the body such as hunger and thirst
peak experience
times in a person's life in which self-actualization is achieved, atleast temporarily
The role of the lateral hypothalamus is __________.
to trigger the eating response, when insulin levels go up
The level of weight that the body tries to maintain is known as __________.
weight set point
motivation is...
what "moves" people to do the things they do.
Dweck believes that constructive criticism
when linked with praise of effort and the use of strategies, will be a better influence on the child's self-esteem and willingness to challenge themselves than endless praise that can become meaningless when given indiscriminately.
