chapter 9 nutr

What roles does vitamin A play in the body? Formation of epithelial cells Cell growth Cell production Reduction of white blood cell production

Formation of epithelial cells Cell growth Cell production

About 10% of the body's supply of menaquinone (vitamin K2) is supplied by ______.

intestinal bacteria

Several long-term studies have shown a(n) _______ relationship between vitamin K intake and the risk for osteoporosis.

inverse

Why is it not necessary to consume 100% of every vitamin each day?

-Bacteria in your lower intestinal tract can produce certain vitamins. -Body cells can store vitamins to some extent. -Your body can synthesize vitamin D.

Which of the following is true about vitamin E?

-Only the alpha-tocopherol form of vitamin E is used by the body -All forms of vitamin E are used by the body

Choose the best ways to preserve the content of water-soluble vitamins in food. -cooking vegetables in small amounts of water -cutting produce into small pieces to expose larger surface area -consuming fruits and vegetables with their skins -cooking fruits and vegetables in their skins

-cooking vegetables in small amounts of water -consuming fruits and vegetables with their skins -cooking fruits and vegetables in their skins

Factors associated with low vitamin D status include ______.

-drinking milk less than once a week -excess body fat -screentime more than 4 hours daily

Match each vitamin with its major function in the body. A, D, E, K -normal vision and reproduction, cellular growth, and immune system function -antioxidant -absorption of calcium and phosphorus, maintenance of normal blood calcium, calcification of bone, maintenance of immune function -production of active blood-clotting factors, prevention of soft tissue calcification

-normal vision and reproduction, cellular growth, and immune system function (A) -antioxidant (E) -absorption of calcium and phosphorus, maintenance of normal blood calcium, calcification of bone, maintenance of immune function (D) -production of active blood-clotting factors, prevention of soft tissue calcification (K)

Choose the functions of vitamin E. -protects cell membranes from being damaged by free radicals -maintains immune system function -aids in the absorption of water-soluble vitamins -maintains nervous tissue

-protects cell membranes from being damaged by free radicals -maintains immune system function -maintains nervous tissue

What criteria must a nutrient meet to be classified as a vitamin?

-the body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to maintain good health -signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet -the nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods

Poor disease management of cystic fibrosis results in

-weight gain during infancy and childhood -reduced enzymatic activity that cause nutrient malabsorption. -blockage of ducts leading to and from the pancreas. -destruction of pancreatic tissue.

Vitamins provide ___ kcal per gram

0

list the steps of the visual cycle beginning with dark conditions at the top

1. in dark conditions, retinal is attached inside opsin to make rhodopsin 2. light activates rhodopsin by causing retinal to change shape, which causes opsin to change shape 3. activated rhodopsin stimulates rod cell changes that result in vision 4. following rhodopsin activation, retinal detaches from opsin 5. energy is required to bring retinal back to its original form

According to a nationwide survey, approximately ______ of American adults had low blood levels of vitamin D.

50%

Vitamin ___ participates in the development of epithelial cells, the production of white blood cells, and bone growth.

A

Which statement is most accurate? A nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days and even years. A healthy diet requires that a person consume 100% of the RDA or AI of each vitamin on a daily basis.

A nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days and even years.

Choose the vitamins that are fat-soluble.

A, D, E, K

Many Americans consume less than the recommended amounts of vitamins ______.

A, D, E, K

The body is able to make vitamin ___ when skin cells are exposed to the sun's UV radiation

D

Vitamin ___ is necessary for the metabolism of the minerals calcium and phosphorus, and the production and maintenance of healthy bones.

D

Which of the following are examples of vitamins that many American adults don't receive enough of? thiamin, D, C, E

D, E

Alpha-tocopherol is a form of vitamin ______.

E

Match the vitamin with its function. E, folate, D blood formation, bone health, antioxidant defense

E- antioxidant defense D- bone health folate- blood formation

Which of the following are major food sources of vitamin K?

Green leafy vegetables Margarine and salad dressing Soybean and canola oils

Which of the following is true about vitamin K?

Green leafy vegetables are good food sources

Which of the following are considered basic roles of vitamins?

Involved in cell division and development Regulates body processes

Where does the healthy body store vitamin E?

Skeletal muscle Body fat Liver

The term vitamin gets its meaning from ____.

amine - a nitrogen containing substance vita - meaning necessary for life

Adults who may be at higher risk for osteomalacia include those who ______.

are homebound have covered skin for religious reasons

Which of the following is found only in plants?

carotenoids

Who is least at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency? urban poor severe alcoholics people with liver diseases children who like vegetables

children who like vegetables

Dark green fruits and vegetables that contain carotenoids are not yellow-orange in color because of the presence of

chlorophyll

A high level of salt in sweat is a positive sign for a diagnosis of

cystic fibrosis

True or false: Vitamin E supplementation has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic disease.

false

The bioavailability of vitamins can be affected by:

food processing GI transit time food preparation

What is highly reactive and removes electrons from more stable molecules such as proteins, fatty acids, and DNA?

free radical

Vitamin E protects the polyunsaturated fatty acids that are located in cell membranes from being damaged by _____ _____

free radicals

When fresh produce is not available, it is best to purchase _____ produce in order to receive the most vitamins

frozen

Vitamin K deficiency can commonly develop in people who ______.

have a condition that impairs fat absorption have cystic fibrosis have liver disease

Clinical studies _______ provided support for taking vitamin A or beta-carotene supplements to reduce the risk of CVD.

have not

During infancy, adolescence, and pregnancy, a person's vitamin needs ______.

increase

Most vitamins are ____ bioavailable from natural food sources, rather than from supplements alone.

more

When an atom or molecule loses one or more electrons, it has been _____

oxidized

Vitamin D comes from both plant and animal food sources, the _____ form of vitamin D is called ergocalciferol.

plant

What roles does vitamin D play in the body?

production of bones

What are some common foods fortified with vitamin D?

ready-to-eat cereal orange juice milk

An oxidant ______ electrons from atoms or molecules. adds removes

removes

Vitamin A is transported in the blood bound to

retinol-binding protein

The _____ _____ is the primary site of vitamin absorption.

small intestine

What are some signs and symptoms of rickets?

soft bones muscle pain misshapen bones

The body does not make toxic levels of vitamin D when exposed to _____ because skin limits the production of 7-dehydrocholesterol.

sun

Which foods are good sources of vitamin E?

sunflower seeds and plant oils

Describe treatment for cystic fibrosis. surgery airway clearance diet pancreas transplant medications

surgery airway clearance diet medications

Most people do not need to be concerned about vitamin toxicity unless they are

taking megadoses of vitamin supplements or consuming large amounts of vitamin-fortified foods.

An agent that causes birth defects is called a _____

teratogen

True or false: If left untreated, children with cystic fibrosis usually experience delayed growth and malnutrition.

true

True or false: In general, vitamins that occur naturally and synthetic vitamins have similar biological activity.

true

True or false: Some free radicals formation in the body is necessary and provides some benefits.

true

What is a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes in the body?

vitamin

Excessive intake or exposure to which vitamin may be particularly harmful to a developing fetus?

vitamin A

What vitamin deficiency will result in blood that does not clot effectively?

vitamin K

What vitamin is found in plant and animal food sources but can also be synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract?

vitamin K