Chapter 9 nutrition

What is another name for fatty acid oxidation?

beta-oxidation

Fasting and feasting ______ metabolism.

both affect

Typical fatty acids _____ converted into glucose.

cannot be

Catabolic pathways produce which of the following from the production of ATP?

carbon dioxide, heat, water

match term with definition (carnitine, fatty acid, lipolysis)

carnitine- carrier that shuttles fatty acids into the mitochondria, fatty acid oxidation- the breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP, lipolysis- breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

match term with definition

cellular respiration- removing electrons from food molecules to produce energy, aerobic- making atp in the presence of oxygen, anaerobic- making atp with oxygen

Lean body mass that declines below 50% (catabolism) due to fasting will result in ______.

death

When a person is in a state of semistarvation, the amount of glucose in the body falls. As a result, insulin production ______.

decreases

Which yields the most ATP?

fatty acid

What are two options for acetyl-CoA once it has been produced?

form ketones, combine with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle

What is the name of the pathway that is used to produce glucose from amino acids?

gluconeogenesis

match concentration of ATP/ADP with its outcome

high atp concentrations- decrease in energy-yielding reactions, high ADP concentratioins- increase in energy-yielding reactions

place ketosis steps in order

insufficient insulin production, large amounts of fatty acids are released by the adipose cells, fatty acids flood liver and are converted to acetyl-coa, citric acid cycle slows due to large production of ATP, ketone bodies are formed

Without sufficient ______, cells cannot readily utilize glucose, resulting in rapid lipolysis and the excess production of ketone bodies.

insulin

What is produced when oxaloacetate production is limited and the TCA cycle activity decreases?

ketone bodies

What are other names for the citric acid cycle?

krebs, tricarboxylic acid cycle

During anaerobic glycolysis, which compounds can regenerate or accumulate?

lactate, NAD+

The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called ______.

lipolysis

After digestion and absorption, most nutrients pass through the ______.

liver

What organ is responsible for the preparation of the amino groups for excretion in the urine through the urea cycle?

liver

Where can gluconeogenesis occur?

liver cells, kidney cells

Match the insulin effect with the appropriate outcome. Instructions

low insulin- Promote gluconeogenesis, protein breakdown, and lipolysis, high insulin- Promote synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein

Which of the following help regulate energy metabolism?

minerals, hormones, enzymes

What part of the cell is the electron transport chain located in?

mitochondria

During _____ alcohol intake the body uses the MEOS pathway.

moderate, excessive

Where are the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) mainly metabolized?

muscles

_______ functions as the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide during intense aerobic exercise.

niacin

What are some of the key functions of the liver?

nutrient storage, alcohol metabolism, production of ketone bodies

What molecule is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions during aerobic respiration?

oxygen

How does carbohydrate aid fatty acid oxidation?

providing additional oxaloacetate

During glycolysis, glucose is converted to two units of _____.

pyruvate

The transition reaction also ______ which will eventually enter the electron transport chain.

reduces NAD

Which two of the following vitamins assist dehydrogenase enzymes and therefore play a role in transferring the hydrogens from energy-yielding compounds to oxygen in the metabolic pathways of the cell?

riboflavin, niacin

The Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children recommends _____.

screening for 35 core conditions

The final pathway of aerobic respiration is _____.

the electron transport chain

The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA occurs in a process called _____.

the transition reaction

What are two functions of glycolysis?

to produce energy, To provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds

How many turns of the citric acid cycle does it take to process one glucose molecule?

two

Ketoacidosis occurs as a result of ________.

uncontrolled type 1 diabetes

The concentration of ______ helps regulate metabolism.

ATP

adenine triphosphate, aka ____ is the main energy source for the body

ATP

Which of the following is true about how carbohydrate aids in fat metabolism?

Carbohydrate makes the entire pathway for fatty acid oxidation work better, Pyruvate is produced by carbohydrate metabolism, which keeps the supply of oxaloacetate high.

Which of the following statements are true?

Carbon skeletons from some amino acids can convert to glucose, Carbohydrate can be used for fat synthesis, The glycerol part of triglycerides can be used to make glucose

What causes the formation of acetone, which eventually leaves the body through the lungs, causing breath with a fruity smell?

Ketosis

What is the main purpose of newborn screenings?

Identify infants with genetic and metabolic disorders

To prolong survival during fasting, the body goes through which of the following adaptations?

Nervous system uses less glucose, Slowing of metabolic rate, Reduction in energy requirements

Choose the best definition of cellular respiration.

Removing electrons from food molecules to obtain energy

Why is oxygen essential to energy production?

Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions.

What can happen when calorie supplies are insufficient or exceed needs?

The rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy changes, The type of macronutrient used to generate energy changes

The MEOS pathway is used during moderate to excessive alcohol consumption to prevent the toxic effects of ______.

acetaldehyde, alcohol

Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into _____ _____

amino acids

Energy (ATP) can be formed from ______.

amino acids, glucose, fatty acids

The use of amino acids as a fuel will result in the removal of the amino group from the amino acid. This amino group, which contains nitrogen, is converted to ______. This substance must be removed from the body as its buildup is toxic. This substance is removed from the body through urea, which is eventually excreted in urine.

ammonia

combining glucose to form another molecule is an example of

anabolism

match definition with term

anabolism- smaller, simpler compounds used to build larger, more complicated compounds, catabolism- breaking down compounds into small units

During high intensity exercise muscle cells rely heavily on _________ glycolysis to produce ATP.

anaerobic