Chapter 9: Personality and Individual Differences

Based on the psychosexual stages of personality development proposed by Freud, when does the anal stage begin?

1 to 2 years

At what age does the oral stage of psychosexual development occur?

During the first 12 to 18 months of life

The must balance the wishes of the id and the demands of the superego.

Ego

The idea that we inherit our personality is consistent with which of the following models?

Evolutionary

Factor analysis is a projective technique used to analyze personality that is very subjective.

False

Psychological tests are medical tests, such as blood tests, that help determine which medication a person needs.

False

Traits are characteristics of a person that change quite frequently.

False

intellectual disability is intellectual disability in which no apparent biological defect exists, but there is a history of intellectual disability in the family.

Familial

Which approach to personality suggests that people can change through self-motivated effort?

Humanist

The is defined as the instinctual and unorganized part of personality whose sole aim is to reduce tension created by primitive drives.

ID

The pleasure principle is most closely tied to the

ID

Significant limitations in both cognitive functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills is known as .

Intellectual disability

The conflict is resolved when one becomes similar to the same-sex parent.

Oedipal

Which of the following tests represent a projective personality test?

Rorschach test Thematic Apperception Test

-report measures gather data about people by asking them questions.

Self

Which of the following behaviors might an adult who is fixated at the oral stage exhibit?

Smoking

Which of the following best describes the social cognitive approach to personality?

There is an emphasis on thinking and behavior.

Which of the following approaches disregards both the conscious and unconscious?

Trait Learning Biological

According to Freud, the contents of the unconscious cannot be observed directly by a psychologist.

True

Trait theorists assume that individuals vary in the degree to which they exhibit a certain trait.

True

The humanistic approach believes that people are

able to change through conscious, self-motivated effort

Around the age of 1 to 2 years, the stage begins, and the major source of pleasure changes from the mouth to this region.

anal

According to Freud, the contents of the unconscious

are inferred from behavior

Self-report measures gather data about people by

asking them questions

According to Carl Jung, our collective unconscious is inherited from

distant ancestors our parents nonhuman animals

According to the psychoanalytic theory, the _____ deals with reality.

ego

A statistical method of identifying patterns among a large number of variables and combining them into more fundamental groupings is called

factor analysis

If you wanted to determine which personality traits were often associated with each other, it would be best to use to uncover them

factor analysis

Intellectual disability in which there is a history of intellectual disability in the family but no apparent biological defect exists is known as _____ intellectual disability.

familial

The ability to think in a logical way, solve problems, and reason abstractly is _____ intelligence.

fluid

According to Freud, the period from puberty until death is marked by the stage.

genital

The approach to personality that stresses the conscious more than the unconscious is the _____ approach.

humanistic

The biological and evolutionary approaches to personality suggest that

important components of personality are inherited

A factor is a combination of characteristics that represents a fundamental _____ in behavior.

pattern

Someone with high self-esteem is likely to evaluate themselves

positively

According to Sternberg, intelligence relates to overall success in living.

practical

Intelligence tests are tests devised to a person's intelligence.

quantify

Freud argued that the may contain information that is more threatening than the contents of the preconscious.

unconscious

Freud maintained that personality is a reflection of both conscious and processes.

unconscious

Which of the following does NOT represent an application of fluid intelligence?

A retired plumber argues that the plumbing system is the most critical part of an architectural foundation.

According to Freudian theory, a child finds a solution to the Oedipal conflict by displaying which of the following behaviors?

Becoming similar to the same-sex parent

assessment can be carried out naturalistically or in a laboratory and involves careful observation of an individual's behavior.

Behavorial

According to the social cognitive approach, thoughts and feelings are important aspects of personality.

True

During the _____ stage of psychosexual development in adolescence, sexual feelings re-emerge and the focus is on mature, adult sexuality.

genital

The 2 to 4 percent of the population who have IQ scores greater than 130 are called intellectually _____.

gifted

A condition characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills is known as

intellectual disability

The is the term that refers to the 2 to 4 percent of the population who have IQ scores greater than 130.

intellectually gifted

A test devised to quantify a person's level of intelligence is called a(n) _____ test.

intelligence

For psychologists, is the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively.

intelligence

The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges is known as

intelligence

According to Carl , our collective unconscious is inherited from a variety of sources in our lives.

jung

According to Freud's psychosexual development, during the period, the child has no sexual interests.

latency

During the latency period of psychosexual development, the child focuses on

nonsexual interests

Behavioral assessment involves

observation

The type of intelligence related to overall success in living is known as _____ intelligence.

practical

According to Freudian theory, the _____ contains material that is easily brought to mind, whereas the _____ contains material that is not easily accessible because the material in it is threatening.

preconscious; unconscious

A test that requires the interpretation of ambiguous images is a(n) personality test.

projective

According to theory, the unconscious mind must be exposed to understand personality.

psychoanalytic

The motivating forces behind _____ approaches to personality are based in the unconscious.

psychodynamic

Standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively are called _____ tests.

psychological

Traits are consistent characteristics that tend to display themselves

repeatedly over time and in many different situations

According to the social cognitive approach, belief in your ability to carry out a specific task and achieve the desired outcome is called

self-efficacy

Based on your performance on the first exam, you believe that you will do well in this class. In other words, you are experiencing a high level of

self-efficacy

The component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations is known as our

self-esteem

Fred is highly sociable, but Lynn is much less so. This indicates that people can vary in the degree to which they display a(n) .

trait

Unlike other approaches to personality, psychodynamic approaches focus on the mind.

unconscious