Chapter 9 - Physical and Cog. Development in Middle Childhood

Most common causes of obesity

-Unhealthy eating patterns -Lack of physical activity -Genetic factors -Combination of these factors •Only in rare cases is being overweight caused by a medical condition such as a hormonal problem

What is obesity caused by?

A combination of genetic and social characteristics as well as diet. Particular inherited genes are related to obesity and predispose certain children to be overweight. For example, adopted children tend to have weights that are more similar to those of their birth parents than to those of their adoptive parents.

Asthma

a chronic condition characterized by periodic attacks of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath

visual impairment

a difficulty in seeing that may include blindness or partial sightedness

intellectual disability

a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills

multicultural education

a form of education in which the goal is to help minority students develop competence in the culture of the majority group while maintaining positive group identities that build on their original cultures

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a learning disability marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity. Symptoms include: • Persistent difficulty in finishing tasks, following instructions, and organizing work • Inability to watch an entire television program • Frequent interruption of others or excessive talking • A tendency to jump into a task before hearing all the instructions • Difficulty in waiting or remaining seated • Fidgeting, squirming Occurs in 3-5 percent school aged population

intelligence quotient

a measure of intelligence that takes into account a student's mental and chronological age

cultural assimilation model

a model in which the goal of education is to assimilate individual cultural identities into a unique, unified American culture.

triarchic theory of intelligence

a model that states that intelligence consists of three aspects of information processing: the componential element, the experiential element, and the contextual element

auditory impairment

a special need that involves the loss of hearing or some aspect of hearing affects some 1-2 percent of school age population.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

a test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance skills, as well as a total score

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

a test that consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested Young children are asked to answer questions about everyday activities or to copy complex figures. Older people are asked to explain proverbs, solve analogies, and describe similarities between groups of words. The test is administered orally, and test-takers are given progressively more difficult problems until they are unable to proceed.

Seriation

ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension ex. lining straws up in order of length

enrichment

an approach through which students are kept at grade level but are enrolled in special programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a given topic. encourages higher order thinking.

Mainstreaming

an educational approach in which exceptional children are integrated to the extent possible into the traditional educational system and are provided with a broad range of educational alternatives

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

an intelligence test that measures children's ability to integrate different stimuli simultaneously and step-by-step thinking

Metamemory

an understanding about the processes that underlie memory, which emerges and improves during middle childhood

metallinguistic awareness

an understanding of one's own use of language one of the most significant developments in middle childhood

Children who are obese are more likely to...

be overweight as adults and have a greater risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and other diseases. Some scientists believe that an epidemic of obesity may be leading to a decline in life span in the United States

Parents who are particularly controlling and directive regarding their children's eating may produce...

children who lack internal controls to regulate their own food intake.

gifted and talented

children who show evidence of high performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, leadership capacity, or specific academic fields

As the rounded look of "baby fat" disappears...

children's bodies become more muscular and their strength increases.

specific learning disorder

difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities. Believed to be caused by environmental causes such as poor early nutrition and allergies. ex. Dyslexia 1/10 labeled as having SLD

profound intellectual disability

intellectual disability in which IQ scores fall below 20 or 25

mild intellectual disability

intellectual disability in which IQ scores fall in the range of 50 or 55 to 70 Typically, their intellectual disability is not even identified before they reach school, although their early development often is slower than average. Once they enter elementary school, their need for special attention usually become apparent, as it did with Connie, the first grader profiled at the beginning of this discussion. With appropriate training, these students can reach a third- to sixth-grade educational level, and although they cannot carry out complex intellectual tasks, they are able to hold jobs and function quite independently and successfully.

severe intellectual disability

intellectual disability in which IQ scores range from 20 or 25 to 35 or 40 Usually, such people have little or no speech, have poor motor control, and may need 24-hour nursing care. At the same time, however, some people with severe intellectual disability are capable of learning basic self-care skills, such as dressing and eating, and they may even develop the potential to become partially independent as adults.

moderate intellectual disability

intellectual disability in which IQ scores range from 35 or 40 to 50 or 55 They are slow to develop language skills, and their motor development is also affected. Regular schooling is usually not effective in training people with moderate intellectual disabilities to acquire academic skills, because generally they are unable to progress beyond the second-grade level. Still, they are capable of learning occupational and social skills, and they can learn to travel independently to familiar places. Typically, they require moderate levels of supervision.

fluid intelligence

intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory For example, a student asked to group a series of letters according to some criterion or to remember a set of numbers would be using fluid intelligence

bicultural identity

maintaining one's original cultural identity while integrating oneself into the dominant culture

How is IQ calculated?

mental age/chronological age x 100

gross motor skills

physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping. Bike riding, skating and swimming

encoding

recording information in a form usable to memory

Benefits of Adequate Nutrition

relationship to social and emotional functioning - more peer involvement - more positive emotions - less anxiety - more eagerness to explore new environments - more persistent in frustrating situations - generally higher energy levels

Acceleration

special programs that allow gifted students to move ahead at their own pace, even if this means skipping to higher grade levels

Speech Impairment

speech that deviates so much from the speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or produces maladjustment in the speaker. Presented in 3-5 percent of school aged population

childhood onset fluency disorder

substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech; the most common speech impairment. (Stuttering)

Decentering

the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account

crystallized intelligence

the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations A student would likely be relying on crystallized intelligence to solve a puzzle or deduce the solution to a mystery, in which it was necessary to draw on past experience

chronological (or physical) age

the actual age of the child taking the intelligence test

intelligence

the capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.

pluralistic society model

the concept that American society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features

concrete operational stage

the period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active, and appropriate, use of logic EX. Involves applying logical operations to concrete problems. For instance, when children in the concrete operational stage are confronted with a conservation problem (such as determining whether a constant amount of liquid poured from one container to another container of a different shape stays the same), they use cognitive and logical processes to answer, no longer being influenced solely by appearance.

memory

the process by which information is initially recorded, stored, and retrieved

Least Restrictive Environment

the setting that is most similar to that of children without special needs

Mental Age

the typical intelligence level found for people at a given chronological age

Fine Motor Skills

typing and texting Fine motor skill advances associated with the continued development of the myelin sheath

partial sightedness

visual acuity of less than 20/70 after correction

consequences of inadequate nutrition

• Lowered resistance to infection • More likely to die from common childhood ailments and respiratory infections • Frequent illness that impacts growth

What have longitudinal studies conducted in Guatemalan villages about nutrition found?

Children who had received more nutrients were more involved with their peers, showed more positive emotion, and had less anxiety than their peers who had received less adequate nutrition. Better nutrition also made children more eager to explore new environments, more persistent in frustrating situations, and more alert at some types of activities, and these children displayed generally higher energy levels and more self-confidence

Reading Stages

Stage 0: Lasts from birth to the start of first grade, children learn the essential prerequisites for reading, including identification of the letters in the alphabet, sometimes writing their names, and reading a few very familiar words (such as their own names or stop on a stop sign). Stage 1: Brings the first real type of reading, but it largely involves phonological recoding skill. At this stage, which usually encompasses the first and second grade, children can sound out words by blending the letters together. Children also complete the job of learning the names of letters and the sounds that go with them. Stage 2: Typically around second and third grades, children learn to read aloud with fluency. However, they do not attach much meaning to the words because the effort involved in simply sounding out words is usually so great that relatively few cognitive resources are left over to process the meaning of the words. Stage 3: Extends from fourth to eighth grade. Reading becomes a means to an end—in particular, a way to learn. Whereas earlier reading was an accomplishment in and of itself, by this point children use reading to learn about the world. However, even at this age, understanding gained from reading is not complete. For instance, one limitation children have at this stage is that they are able to comprehend information only when it is presented from a single perspective. Stage 4: Children are able to read and process information that reflects multiple points of view. This ability, which begins during the transition into high school, permits children to develop a far more sophisticated understanding of material. This explains why great works of literature are not read at an earlier stage of education. It is not so much that younger children do not have the vocabulary to understand such works (although this is partially true); it is that they lack the ability to understand the multiple points of view that sophisticated literature invariably presents.

Protropin

An artificial human growth hormone that can make short children taller.

When children are in elementary school, what is the average growth each year?

Children grow 2-3 inches each year in elementary school.

Describe what the study about the children in Kenya found regarding nutrition.

Children in Kenya who were well nourished performed better on a test of verbal abilities and on other cognitive measures than those who had mild to moderate undernutrition. Other research suggests that malnutrition may influence cognitive development by dampening children's curiosity, responsiveness, and motivation to learn.

During middle childhood, how much do boys and girls gain each year?

5-7 pounds

Two approaches to teaching gifted and talented

Acceleration and Enrichment

When do girls start their adolescent growth spurt?

Age 10

Obesity

Body weight that is more than 20 percent above the average for a person of a given age and height. 15 Percent of US Children are obese, a proportion tripled since 1960.

By the age of 11, what is the average height of girls compared to boys?

Boys: 4 feet 9 1/2 inches Girls: 4 feet 10 inches Only time during lifespan when girls are, on average, taller than boys

cognitive advantages of bilingualism

Greater cognitive flexibility Higher self-esteem Greater meta-linguistic awareness Potential for improved IQ scores

Retrieval

Material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used.

Transitivity

The ability to logically combine relations among pieces of information to understand certain conclusions Example: person A is taller than person B and person B is taller than person C - then person A is also taller than person C

Bilingualism

The ability to speak two languages

Effects of the growth hormone?

The drug may lead to the premature onset of puberty, which may—ironically—restrict later growth.

blindness

Visual acuity of less than 20/200 after correction (meaning the inability to see even at 20 feet what a typical person can see at 200 feet)